Amygdala inputs to prefrontal cortex guide behavior amid conflicting cues of reward and punishment

Orchestrating appropriate behavioral responses in the face of competing signals that predict either rewards or threats in the environment is crucial for survival. The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) and prelimbic (PL) medial prefrontal cortex have been implicated in reward-seeking and fear-related responses, but how information flows between these reciprocally connected structures to coordinate behavior is unknown. We recorded neuronal activity from the BLA and PL while rats performed a task wherein competing shock- and sucrose-predictive cues were simultaneously presented. The correlated firing primarily displayed a BLA→PL directionality during the shock-associated cue. Furthermore, BLA neurons optogenetically identified as projecting to PL more accurately predicted behavioral responses during competition than unidentified BLA neurons. Finally photostimulation of the BLA→PL projection increased freezing, whereas both chemogenetic and optogenetic inhibition reduced freezing. Therefore, the BLA→PL circuit is critical in governing the selection of behavioral responses in the face of competing signals.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Award 1R25-MH092912-01)National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) (Grant R01- MH102441-01)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Award DP2- DK-102256-01

A model of tenascin-X integration within the collagenous network

AbstractTenascin-X is an extracellular matrix protein whose absence leads to an Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in humans, characterized mainly by disorganisation of collagen and elastic fibril networks. After producing recombinant full-length tenascin-X in mammalian cells, we find that this protein assembled into disulfide-linked oligomers. Trimers were the predominant form observed using rotary shadowing. By solid phase interaction studies, we demonstrate that tenascin-X interacts with types I, III and V fibrillar collagen molecules when they are in native conformation. The use of tenascin-X variants with large regions deleted indicated that both epidermal growth factor repeats and the fibrinogen-like domain are involved in this interaction. Moreover, we demonstrate that tenascin-X binds to the fibril-associated types XII and XIV collagens. We thus suggest that tenascin-X, via trimerization and multiple interactions with components of collagenous fibrils, plays a crucial role in the organisation of extracellular matrices

Course‐based undergraduate research to advance environmental education, science, and resource management

Every year, field excursions engage students of ecology in experiential learning that results in wide-ranging and well-documented pedagogical benefits. Much less appreciated, however, is the potential for these excursions to contribute long-term data that advance scientific knowledge and natural resource management. Here we explore this potential by providing a global synthesis of field data collection, mapping the geography, temporal extent, and type of data collected by students worldwide, and calling attention to the associated benefits and challenges for course instructors. We then offer perspectives on how undergraduate courses in ecology can more broadly contribute to science, management, and policy. Finally, we highlight how several aspects – namely, existing frameworks, resources, and networks; enhanced institutional support; and synergies with the broader science community – can help undergraduate ecology courses achieve their full potential for contributing to both education and science for society

Examining the impact of a province-wide physical education policy on secondary students’ physical activity as a natural experiment

Abstract Background The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of a province-wide physical education (PE) policy on secondary school students’ moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Methods Policy: In fall 2008, Manitoba expanded a policy requiring a PE credit for students in grades 11 and 12 for the first time in Canada. The PE curriculum requires grades 11 and 12 students to complete a minimum of 55 h (50% of course hours) of MVPA (e.g., ≥30 min/day of MVPA on ≥5 days a week) during a 5-month semester to achieve the course credit. Study Designs: A natural experimental study was designed using two sub-studies: 1) quasi-experimental controlled pre-post analysis of self-reported MVPA data obtained from census data in intervention and comparison [Prince Edward Island (PEI)] provinces in 2008 (n = 33,619 in Manitoba and n = 2258 in PEI) and 2012 (n = 41,169 in Manitoba and n = 4942 in PEI); and, 2) annual objectively measured MVPA in cohorts of secondary students in intervention (n = 447) and comparison (Alberta; n = 224) provinces over 4 years (2008 to 2012). Analysis: In Study 1, two logistic regressions were conducted to model the odds that students accumulated: i) ≥30 min/day of MVPA, and ii) met Canada's national recommendation of ≥60 min/day of MVPA, in Manitoba versus PEI after adjusting for grade, sex, and BMI. In Study 2, a mixed effects model was used to assess students’ minutes of MVPA per day per semester in Manitoba and Alberta, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, school location and school SES. Results In Study 1, no significant differences were observed in students achieving ≥30 (OR:1.13, 95% CI:0.92, 1.39) or ≥60 min/day of MVPA (OR:0.92, 95% CI: 0.78, 1.07) from baseline to follow-up between Manitoba and PEI. In Study 2, no significant policy effect on students’ MVPA trajectories from baseline to last follow-up were observed between Manitoba and Alberta overall (−1.52, 95% CI:-3.47, 0.42), or by covariates. Conclusions The Manitoba policy mandating PE in grades 11 and 12 had no effect on student MVPA overall or by key student or school characteristics. However, the effect of the PE policy may be underestimated due to the use of a nonrandomized research design and lack of data assessing the extent of policy implementation across schools. Nevertheless, findings can provide evidence about policy features that may improve the PE policy in Manitoba and inform future PE policies in other jurisdictions

Mass Spectrometry-based Metabolomics for the Discovery of Biomarkers of Fruit and Vegetable Intake: Citrus Fruit as a Case Study

Elucidation of the relationships between genotype, diet, and health requires accurate dietary assessment. In intervention and epidemiological studies, dietary assessment usually relies on questionnaires, which are susceptible to recall bias. An alternative approach is to quantify biomarkers of intake in biofluids, but few such markers have been validated so far. Here we describe the use of metabolomics for the discovery of nutritional biomarkers, using citrus fruits as a case study. Three study designs were compared. Urinary metabolomes were profiled for volunteers that had (a) consumed an acute dose of orange or grapefruit juice, (b) consumed orange juice regularly for one month, and (c) reported high or low consumption of citrus products for a large cohort study. Some signals were found to reflect citrus consumption in all three studies. Proline betaine and flavanone glucuronides were identified as known biomarkers, but various other biomarkers were revealed. Further, many signals that increased after citrus intake in the acute study were not sensitive enough to discriminate high and low citrus consumers in the cohort study. We propose that urine profiling of cohort subjects stratified by consumption is an effective strategy for discovery of sensitive biomarkers of consumption for a wide range of foods

Mass Spectrometry-based Metabolomics for the Discovery of Biomarkers of Fruit and Vegetable Intake: Citrus Fruit as a Case Study

Elucidation of the relationships between genotype, diet, and health requires accurate dietary assessment. In intervention and epidemiological studies, dietary assessment usually relies on questionnaires, which are susceptible to recall bias. An alternative approach is to quantify biomarkers of intake in biofluids, but few such markers have been validated so far. Here we describe the use of metabolomics for the discovery of nutritional biomarkers, using citrus fruits as a case study. Three study designs were compared. Urinary metabolomes were profiled for volunteers that had (a) consumed an acute dose of orange or grapefruit juice, (b) consumed orange juice regularly for one month, and (c) reported high or low consumption of citrus products for a large cohort study. Some signals were found to reflect citrus consumption in all three studies. Proline betaine and flavanone glucuronides were identified as known biomarkers, but various other biomarkers were revealed. Further, many signals that increased after citrus intake in the acute study were not sensitive enough to discriminate high and low citrus consumers in the cohort study. We propose that urine profiling of cohort subjects stratified by consumption is an effective strategy for discovery of sensitive biomarkers of consumption for a wide range of foods

Correspondance de Marie d'Agoult et papiers provenant de la famille Ollivier.XIXe-XXe s. XI-XV Lettres adressées à Marie d'Agoult. XV Schérer-Yoldi.

Agoult, Marie de Flavigny, Comtesse d'. Lettre(s) reçue(s)Liszt, Franz. Lettre(s)Ollivier, Catherine Du Bouchage, Mme Daniel. Manuscrit(s) provenant d'elleOllivier, Daniel. Œuvre(s), notes, publications diversesContient : Schérer, Edmond, homme politique. Lettre(s) ; Schoelcher, Victor, homme politique. Lettre(s) ; Schuré, Édouard. Lettre(s) ; Simon, Jules, pseud. de François-Jules Suisse, de l'Académie française. Lettre(s) ; Sirtema de Grovestins, Baron Charles-Frédéric. Lettre(s) ; Spandri, Giuseppe. Lettre(s) ; Sue, Eugène. Lettre(s) ; Teleki, Comte Ladislas. Lettre(s) ; Tocqueville, Alexis Clérel de, de l'Académie française. Lettre(s) ; Tribert, Louis, homme politique. Lettre(s) ; Ulbach, Louis. Lettre(s) ; Vacherot, Étienne, membre de l'Institut. Lettre(s) ; Varnhagen von Ense, Karl August, écrivain. Lettre(s) ; Viardot, Pauline Garcia, Mme Louis, cantatrice. Lettre(s) ; Viel-Castel, Louis de Salviac, Baron de, de l'Académie française. Lettre(s) ; Viel-Castel, Louis de Salviac, Baron de, de l'Académie française. Article(s) ; Vigny, Alfred de, de l'Académie française. Lettre(s) ; Vinet, Ernest. Lettre(s) ; Wagner, Richard. Lettre(s) ; Yoldi, Pépita, Comtesse de. Lettre(s) ; Lichnowski, Félix. Lettre(s) ; Benoît-Champy, Adrien.Lettre(s) ; Bickersteth, Jane-Frances, Comtesse Teleki.Lettre(s) ; Delarüe, Zoé. Lettre(s) ; La Rochefoucauld, Fanny de, comtesse de Montault.Lettre(s) ; Dawydoff, Catherine, marquise de Gabriac.Lettre(s) ; Nieuwerkerke, Emilien deLettre(s) ; Liszt, Franz ; Lichnowsky, Félix.Lettre(s) ; Agoult, Comte Charles d'. Lettre(s) ; Flavigny, Élisabeth von Bethmann, Mme Jacob Bussmann, puis Vicomtesse Alexandre de. Lettre(s) reçue(s) ; Lehmann, Charles-Heinrich-Salem, dit Henri, peintre. Lettre(s) reçue(s) ; Varcollier. Lettre(s) ; Bülow, Hans von. Lettre(s) reçue(s) ; Lecourt, Joseph, avocat. Lettre(s) ; Montgolfier, Jenny, Mme Félix. Lettre(s) reçue(s) ; Flavigny, Mathilde de.Lettre(s)Numérisation effectuée à partir d'un document original