36 research outputs found

    Archaeoseismology in the Inka Sacred Valley and in the Cuzco region, an interdisciplinary approach for past seismic impacts characterization on Cultural Heritage as a new marker for paleoevents?

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    Too often, the seismic hazard evaluation in the Andes is limited to the subduction zone. While it is true that the most powerful earthquakes that affected the Pacific fringe (Lima, 1746; Arica, 1868) had little impact on the Altiplano, this area exhibits a combination of strong seismic hazard and high vulnerability through the presence of active fault segments in densely populated areas (Benavente et al., 2013). Nonetheless, unlike the coastal region where resilience is taken increasingly in account, as a result, in particular, of the violent 2007 Pisco earthquake (D’Ercole et al., 2007), the seismic risk remains largely overlooked in the Highlands. In a such iconic city like Cuzco, the erratic population growth and its consequences on the organisation of the urban landscape represents a further challenge that enhance the risk exposure. The incomplete knowledge of the Quaternary geological settings of the Cuzco region as well as the low recurrence of devastating earthquakes on crustal faults in general lead to a progressive loss of the “risk culture” achieved by the Inkas and their megalithic architecture. To face such difficulties, archaeoseismological approaches demonstrated that disturbed architectural remains may be used as valuable markers (Rodríguez-Pascua et al., 2011) to extend the catalog of palaeoseismological studies (Rosell Guevara, 2018). Moreover, the huge consequences of the damaging events that struck Cuzco in 1650 and 1950 might suggest a similar impact of earthquakes during pre-Hispanic times. Registering and mapping the past seismic effects in Inka citadels like Machu Picchu and Choquequirao as well as sudden variations in constructive techniques of monumental heritage is therefore an interesting tool to provide additional data (recurrence, social impacts) to properly assess the seismic risk and detect “prehistoric” events. Based on an interdisciplinary program, our results will complement other evidences of deformation, issued from fault trenching and proximal lake coring (PATA project). The overall purpose is to extend the knowledge and time window for the local crustal fault activity and emphasize the importance of the seismic risk in the area. Raising awareness will be the first step towards developing risk management policies and implementing mitigation measures to preserve the local Cultural Heritage. Within the framework of this meeting, we aim to present the preliminary results obtained during the two field campaigns in 2019, which are confirming the relevance of Inka sites as good “seismoscopes”

    Archeoseismology in Machu Picchu, paleoseismology and lacustrine records in Cuzco region as key interdisciplinary approaches for intraplate deformation characterization on the Andean Altiplano

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    [ESP] En AmĂ©rica del Sur, los seres humanos son propensos a asentarse a lo largo de fallas escarpadas. EmblemĂĄtico entre ellos en PerĂș, la regiĂłn turĂ­stica y tectĂłnica de Cuzco se ve afectada por terremotos dañinos desde que llegaron los españoles, como lo demuestran los eventos de 1650, 1950 y 1985. Esta ĂĄrea en el Altiplano alto, ubicada a 400 km de la zona de subducciĂłn, exhibe una combinaciĂłn de riesgo sĂ­smico fuerte y alta vulnerabilidad a travĂ©s de la presencia de segmentos de fallas activas en ĂĄreas densamente pobladas. La estimaciĂłn precisa de los efectos pasados de los terremotos anteriores en el patrimonio de la construcciĂłn es clave para proporcionar datos adicionales (recurrencia e impactos pasados) para evaluar adecuadamente el riesgo sĂ­smico en zonas de deformaciĂłn intraplaca como el altiplano andino. De hecho, los estudios pioneros arqueoseismolĂłgicos demostraron que los restos arquitectĂłnicos defectuosos y perturbados se pueden usar como marcadores valiosos para ampliar el catĂĄlogo de estudios paleoseismolĂłgicos mĂĄs clĂĄsicos. La arquitectura monumental prehistĂłrica en el PerĂș se remonta a 3000 años antes de Cristo y las tĂ©cnicas de construcciĂłn se han utilizado en todo el paĂ­s en los sitios de Machu Picchu y Choquequirao, entre otros, demostrando ser un recurso sostenible para la evoluciĂłn de la cultura sudamericana. Planeamos mapear y estudiar los efectos sĂ­smicos pasados en los restos arqueolĂłgicos, los modos de construcciĂłn y los diseños en el patrimonio monumental para complementar las evidencias de deformaciĂłn emitidas por suelos arqueolĂłgicos, zanjas de fallas y extracciĂłn de nĂșcleos proximales. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo es construir un catĂĄlogo de terremotos prehistĂłricos y sus efectos inducidos. El propĂłsito general es extender el conocimiento y la ventana de tiempo para la actividad de la falla cortical en el sistema de fallas Cuzco-Vilnacota. Este trabajo presenta los primeros registros de eventos paleo de los esfuerzos de excavaciĂłn de zanjas que realizamos en los diferentes segmentos de fallas y el lago post glacial al nĂșcleo, y el edificio monumental que se estudiarĂĄ.[ENG] In South America, human beings are prone to settle along fault scarps. Emblematic among them in Peru, the touristic and tectonic Cuzco region is affected by damaging earthquakes since the Spaniards arrived, as demonstrated by the 1650, 1950 and 1985 events. This area in the high Altiplano, sitting 400km away from the subduction zone, exhibits a combination of strong seismic hazard and high vulnerability through the presence of active fault segments in densely populated areas. The accurate estimation of past effects of previous earthquakes on build heritage is a key to provide additional data (reccurence, and past impacts) to properly assess the seismic risk in intraplate deformation zones such as the Andean altiplano. Indeed, archeoseismological pioneering studies demonstrated that faulted and disturbed architectural remains can be used as valuable markers to extend the catalog of more classical paleoseismological studies. Prehistoric monumental architecture in Peru goes back to 3000yrs BCE and the construction techniques have been used throughout the country on Machu Picchu and Choquequirao sites among others, proving to be a sustainable resource for the evolution of the South American culture. We plan to map and study the past seismic effects on archeological remains, the construction modes and designs on monumental heritage to complement the evidences of deformation issued from archeological soils, fault trenching and proximal lake coring. Thus we aim to build a catalog prehistoric earthquakes and their induced effects. The overall purpose is to extend the knowledge and time window for the crustal fault activity on the Cuzco-Vilnacota fault system. This work present the first paleo events records from trenching efforts we pursued on the different fault segments and the targeted post glacial lake to core, and monumental building to be studied

    Rapid response to the M_w 4.9 earthquake of November 11, 2019 in Le Teil, Lower RhĂŽne Valley, France

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    On November 11, 2019, a Mw 4.9 earthquake hit the region close to Montelimar (lower RhĂŽne Valley, France), on the eastern margin of the Massif Central close to the external part of the Alps. Occuring in a moderate seismicity area, this earthquake is remarkable for its very shallow focal depth (between 1 and 3 km), its magnitude, and the moderate to large damages it produced in several villages. InSAR interferograms indicated a shallow rupture about 4 km long reaching the surface and the reactivation of the ancient NE-SW La Rouviere normal fault in reverse faulting in agreement with the present-day E-W compressional tectonics. The peculiarity of this earthquake together with a poor coverage of the epicentral region by permanent seismological and geodetic stations triggered the mobilisation of the French post-seismic unit and the broad French scientific community from various institutions, with the deployment of geophysical instruments (seismological and geodesic stations), geological field surveys, and field evaluation of the intensity of the earthquake. Within 7 days after the mainshock, 47 seismological stations were deployed in the epicentral area to improve the Le Teil aftershocks locations relative to the French permanent seismological network (RESIF), monitor the temporal and spatial evolution of microearthquakes close to the fault plane and temporal evolution of the seismic response of 3 damaged historical buildings, and to study suspected site effects and their influence in the distribution of seismic damage. This seismological dataset, completed by data owned by different institutions, was integrated in a homogeneous archive and distributed through FDSN web services by the RESIF data center. This dataset, together with observations of surface rupture evidences, geologic, geodetic and satellite data, will help to unravel the causes and rupture mechanism of this earthquake, and contribute to account in seismic hazard assessment for earthquakes along the major regional CĂ©venne fault system in a context of present-day compressional tectonics

    Approche archéosismologique dans le berceau des Incas (Cusco, Pérou). Potentialités et limites pour l'évaluation de l'aléa sismique actuel et la perception passée du risque tellurique

    No full text
    Considering the increasing exposure of modern societies to earthquakes, an accurate assessment of the seismic hazard is of major significance. Identifying the earthquake evidence in the archaeological record is now considered a relevant approach for bridging the gap between palaeoseismology and historical/instrumental seismicity. However, this field of research remains confined to the Mediterranean area.Unlike the Pacific margin, subject to frequent and well-defined megathrust earthquakes, the Cusco region in Peru is affected mainly by crustal seismicity, moderate but diffuse. The latter represents a latent danger and a significantly underestimated hazard. The region is also the heartland of the Incas and the focal point of their monumental stone architecture, allegedly earthquake-resistant. This heritage thus offers a unique opportunity to expand the seismic catalogue, better understand the dynamics of regional faults and improve our understanding of the perception/management of earthquakes in Inca times. In this pioneering PhD work, we present the results of the first large-scale archaeoseismological study in South America. The cross-disciplinary approach we conducted includes an extensive survey of 17 archaeological sites, the design/development of a field data collection-management system and the reinterpretation of a legendary story coming from the pre-Columbian oral tradition. In addition, we developed a methodology allowing the analysis of the dynamic response of massive stone structures, through a case study during the Le Teil seismic crisis (2019) in France, and prior to its application in Cusco.First, with more than 3,000 earthquake features registered, the results show the potential of the Inca buildings to record earthquakes. Regarding the sensitivity threshold of this type of construction, the historical data suggest a seismic intensity close to VIII. The great majority of the damage recorded in the archaeological remains demonstrates thus the occurrence of one, or more, ground motions, stronger than those reported since 1650. Through the combined interpretation of field and ethnohistorical data, we support the existence of, at least, one major earthquake (Mw≄6.5) during the Inca imperial phase (1400-1533 CE), associated with the surface rupture of the Tambomachay-Pachatusan fault segment bordering the northern part of the Cusco Basin. Finally, our work emphasizes the interest of ambient vibration based techniques to characterize the dynamic behaviour of archaeological structures and question the earthquake-proof design of Inca architecture.More broadly, this manuscript lays the foundation for a renewed analysis of the interactions between pre-Columbian populations and the seismicity, and argues for greater development of the palaeo- and archaeoseismology in the Andean Highlands, and on a larger scale in South America where this approach has not yet been implemented.Face Ă  l’exposition croissante de nos sociĂ©tĂ©s aux tremblements de terre, une Ă©valuation prĂ©cise de l’alĂ©a sismique s’avĂšre ĂȘtre une impĂ©rieuse nĂ©cessitĂ©. Identifier les marqueurs de la sismicitĂ© dans le registre archĂ©ologique est dĂ©sormais reconnu comme une approche pertinente afin de combler le fossĂ© entre la palĂ©osismologie et la sismicitĂ© historique/instrumentale. Pourtant, cette discipline demeure cantonnĂ©e au bassin mĂ©diterranĂ©en.A la diffĂ©rence de la frange Pacifique soumise aux frĂ©quents et bien circonscrits sĂ©ismes de subduction, la rĂ©gion de Cusco au PĂ©rou est principalement affectĂ©e par une sismicitĂ© crustale modĂ©rĂ©e mais diffuse. Cette derniĂšre reprĂ©sente un danger latent et un alĂ©a trĂšs largement sous-estimĂ©. La rĂ©gion est Ă©galement le berceau de la culture inca et de son architecture en pierre monumentale, prĂ©tendument parasismique. Ce patrimoine offre donc une opportunitĂ© unique d’élargir le catalogue sismique, mieux comprendre la dynamique des failles rĂ©gionales et amĂ©liorer notre comprĂ©hension de la perception/gestion des tremblements de terre Ă  l’époque inca. Dans le cadre de ce travail de thĂšse original nous prĂ©sentons les rĂ©sultats de la premiĂšre Ă©tude archĂ©osismologique de grande ampleur en AmĂ©rique du Sud. Cette dĂ©marche transdisciplinaire inclue une prospection sur 17 sites incas, la conception/rĂ©alisation d’un systĂšme de collecte et de gestion des donnĂ©es de terrain et la rĂ©interprĂ©tation d’un rĂ©cit lĂ©gendaire de la tradition orale prĂ©colombienne. En outre, nous avons Ă©laborĂ© une mĂ©thodologie permettant l’analyse vibratoire de structures massives en pierre, sur un cas d’étude en France lors de la crise sismique du Teil (2019) et avant son application Ă  Cusco.Avec plus de 3000 dommages sismiques identifiĂ©s, les rĂ©sultats obtenus dĂ©montrent, en premier lieu, la capacitĂ© des Ă©difices incas Ă  enregistrer des sĂ©ismes. Les donnĂ©es historiques suggĂšrent d’ailleurs un seuil de sensibilitĂ© proche de VIII en terme d’intensitĂ© sismique de ce type de construction. La grande majoritĂ© des dĂ©formations enregistrĂ©es dans le bĂąti en Ă©lĂ©vation tĂ©moigne donc de l’occurrence d’un, ou plusieurs, sĂ©ismes plus violents que ceux recensĂ©s depuis 1650. L’interprĂ©tation combinĂ©e des donnĂ©es de terrain et des donnĂ©es ethnohistoriques supporte l’existence, d’au moins un sĂ©isme majeur (Mw≄6.5) durant la phase impĂ©riale inca (1400-1533 CE), associĂ© Ă  la rupture en surface du segment de faille Tambomachay-Pachatusan bordant le nord du bassin de Cusco. Enfin, notre travail souligne l’intĂ©rĂȘt des mĂ©thodes de vibrations ambiantes pour caractĂ©riser le comportement dynamique des structures archĂ©ologiques et interroger la conception parasismique de l’architecture inca.Compte tenu des rĂ©sultats obtenus, ce manuscrit pose les bases d’une analyse renouvelĂ©e des interactions entre populations prĂ©colombiennes et sismicitĂ©, et plaide pour un dĂ©veloppement accru de l’archĂ©osismologie et de la palĂ©osismologie dans les Hautes Terres andines, et Ă  plus grande Ă©chelle en AmĂ©rique du Sud oĂč cette approche n’a pas Ă©tĂ© encore Ă©tĂ© mise en Ɠuvre

    Archaeoseismological approach in the Heartland of the Incas (Cusco, Peru). Potentialities and limitations for the current seismic hazard assessment and the past earthquake risk perception.

    No full text
    Face Ă  l’exposition croissante de nos sociĂ©tĂ©s aux tremblements de terre, une Ă©valuation prĂ©cise de l’alĂ©a sismique s’avĂšre ĂȘtre une impĂ©rieuse nĂ©cessitĂ©. Identifier les marqueurs de la sismicitĂ© dans le registre archĂ©ologique est dĂ©sormais reconnu comme une approche pertinente afin de combler le fossĂ© entre la palĂ©osismologie et la sismicitĂ© historique/instrumentale. Pourtant, cette discipline demeure cantonnĂ©e au bassin mĂ©diterranĂ©en.A la diffĂ©rence de la frange Pacifique soumise aux frĂ©quents et bien circonscrits sĂ©ismes de subduction, la rĂ©gion de Cusco au PĂ©rou est principalement affectĂ©e par une sismicitĂ© crustale modĂ©rĂ©e mais diffuse. Cette derniĂšre reprĂ©sente un danger latent et un alĂ©a trĂšs largement sous-estimĂ©. La rĂ©gion est Ă©galement le berceau de la culture inca et de son architecture en pierre monumentale, prĂ©tendument parasismique. Ce patrimoine offre donc une opportunitĂ© unique d’élargir le catalogue sismique, mieux comprendre la dynamique des failles rĂ©gionales et amĂ©liorer notre comprĂ©hension de la perception/gestion des tremblements de terre Ă  l’époque inca. Dans le cadre de ce travail de thĂšse original nous prĂ©sentons les rĂ©sultats de la premiĂšre Ă©tude archĂ©osismologique de grande ampleur en AmĂ©rique du Sud. Cette dĂ©marche transdisciplinaire inclue une prospection sur 17 sites incas, la conception/rĂ©alisation d’un systĂšme de collecte et de gestion des donnĂ©es de terrain et la rĂ©interprĂ©tation d’un rĂ©cit lĂ©gendaire de la tradition orale prĂ©colombienne. En outre, nous avons Ă©laborĂ© une mĂ©thodologie permettant l’analyse vibratoire de structures massives en pierre, sur un cas d’étude en France lors de la crise sismique du Teil (2019) et avant son application Ă  Cusco.Avec plus de 3000 dommages sismiques identifiĂ©s, les rĂ©sultats obtenus dĂ©montrent, en premier lieu, la capacitĂ© des Ă©difices incas Ă  enregistrer des sĂ©ismes. Les donnĂ©es historiques suggĂšrent d’ailleurs un seuil de sensibilitĂ© proche de VIII en terme d’intensitĂ© sismique de ce type de construction. La grande majoritĂ© des dĂ©formations enregistrĂ©es dans le bĂąti en Ă©lĂ©vation tĂ©moigne donc de l’occurrence d’un, ou plusieurs, sĂ©ismes plus violents que ceux recensĂ©s depuis 1650. L’interprĂ©tation combinĂ©e des donnĂ©es de terrain et des donnĂ©es ethnohistoriques supporte l’existence, d’au moins un sĂ©isme majeur (Mw≄6.5) durant la phase impĂ©riale inca (1400-1533 CE), associĂ© Ă  la rupture en surface du segment de faille Tambomachay-Pachatusan bordant le nord du bassin de Cusco. Enfin, notre travail souligne l’intĂ©rĂȘt des mĂ©thodes de vibrations ambiantes pour caractĂ©riser le comportement dynamique des structures archĂ©ologiques et interroger la conception parasismique de l’architecture inca.Compte tenu des rĂ©sultats obtenus, ce manuscrit pose les bases d’une analyse renouvelĂ©e des interactions entre populations prĂ©colombiennes et sismicitĂ©, et plaide pour un dĂ©veloppement accru de l’archĂ©osismologie et de la palĂ©osismologie dans les Hautes Terres andines, et Ă  plus grande Ă©chelle en AmĂ©rique du Sud oĂč cette approche n’a pas Ă©tĂ© encore Ă©tĂ© mise en Ɠuvre.Considering the increasing exposure of modern societies to earthquakes, an accurate assessment of the seismic hazard is of major significance. Identifying the earthquake evidence in the archaeological record is now considered a relevant approach for bridging the gap between palaeoseismology and historical/instrumental seismicity. However, this field of research remains confined to the Mediterranean area.Unlike the Pacific margin, subject to frequent and well-defined megathrust earthquakes, the Cusco region in Peru is affected mainly by crustal seismicity, moderate but diffuse. The latter represents a latent danger and a significantly underestimated hazard. The region is also the heartland of the Incas and the focal point of their monumental stone architecture, allegedly earthquake-resistant. This heritage thus offers a unique opportunity to expand the seismic catalogue, better understand the dynamics of regional faults and improve our understanding of the perception/management of earthquakes in Inca times. In this pioneering PhD work, we present the results of the first large-scale archaeoseismological study in South America. The cross-disciplinary approach we conducted includes an extensive survey of 17 archaeological sites, the design/development of a field data collection-management system and the reinterpretation of a legendary story coming from the pre-Columbian oral tradition. In addition, we developed a methodology allowing the analysis of the dynamic response of massive stone structures, through a case study during the Le Teil seismic crisis (2019) in France, and prior to its application in Cusco.First, with more than 3,000 earthquake features registered, the results show the potential of the Inca buildings to record earthquakes. Regarding the sensitivity threshold of this type of construction, the historical data suggest a seismic intensity close to VIII. The great majority of the damage recorded in the archaeological remains demonstrates thus the occurrence of one, or more, ground motions, stronger than those reported since 1650. Through the combined interpretation of field and ethnohistorical data, we support the existence of, at least, one major earthquake (Mw≄6.5) during the Inca imperial phase (1400-1533 CE), associated with the surface rupture of the Tambomachay-Pachatusan fault segment bordering the northern part of the Cusco Basin. Finally, our work emphasizes the interest of ambient vibration based techniques to characterize the dynamic behaviour of archaeological structures and question the earthquake-proof design of Inca architecture.More broadly, this manuscript lays the foundation for a renewed analysis of the interactions between pre-Columbian populations and the seismicity, and argues for greater development of the palaeo- and archaeoseismology in the Andean Highlands, and on a larger scale in South America where this approach has not yet been implemented

    Approche archéosismologique dans le berceau des Incas (Cusco, Pérou). Potentialités et limites pour l'évaluation de l'aléa sismique actuel et la perception passée du risque tellurique

    No full text
    Considering the increasing exposure of modern societies to earthquakes, an accurate assessment of the seismic hazard is of major significance. Identifying the earthquake evidence in the archaeological record is now considered a relevant approach for bridging the gap between palaeoseismology and historical/instrumental seismicity. However, this field of research remains confined to the Mediterranean area.Unlike the Pacific margin, subject to frequent and well-defined megathrust earthquakes, the Cusco region in Peru is affected mainly by crustal seismicity, moderate but diffuse. The latter represents a latent danger and a significantly underestimated hazard. The region is also the heartland of the Incas and the focal point of their monumental stone architecture, allegedly earthquake-resistant. This heritage thus offers a unique opportunity to expand the seismic catalogue, better understand the dynamics of regional faults and improve our understanding of the perception/management of earthquakes in Inca times. In this pioneering PhD work, we present the results of the first large-scale archaeoseismological study in South America. The cross-disciplinary approach we conducted includes an extensive survey of 17 archaeological sites, the design/development of a field data collection-management system and the reinterpretation of a legendary story coming from the pre-Columbian oral tradition. In addition, we developed a methodology allowing the analysis of the dynamic response of massive stone structures, through a case study during the Le Teil seismic crisis (2019) in France, and prior to its application in Cusco.First, with more than 3,000 earthquake features registered, the results show the potential of the Inca buildings to record earthquakes. Regarding the sensitivity threshold of this type of construction, the historical data suggest a seismic intensity close to VIII. The great majority of the damage recorded in the archaeological remains demonstrates thus the occurrence of one, or more, ground motions, stronger than those reported since 1650. Through the combined interpretation of field and ethnohistorical data, we support the existence of, at least, one major earthquake (Mw≄6.5) during the Inca imperial phase (1400-1533 CE), associated with the surface rupture of the Tambomachay-Pachatusan fault segment bordering the northern part of the Cusco Basin. Finally, our work emphasizes the interest of ambient vibration based techniques to characterize the dynamic behaviour of archaeological structures and question the earthquake-proof design of Inca architecture.More broadly, this manuscript lays the foundation for a renewed analysis of the interactions between pre-Columbian populations and the seismicity, and argues for greater development of the palaeo- and archaeoseismology in the Andean Highlands, and on a larger scale in South America where this approach has not yet been implemented.Face Ă  l’exposition croissante de nos sociĂ©tĂ©s aux tremblements de terre, une Ă©valuation prĂ©cise de l’alĂ©a sismique s’avĂšre ĂȘtre une impĂ©rieuse nĂ©cessitĂ©. Identifier les marqueurs de la sismicitĂ© dans le registre archĂ©ologique est dĂ©sormais reconnu comme une approche pertinente afin de combler le fossĂ© entre la palĂ©osismologie et la sismicitĂ© historique/instrumentale. Pourtant, cette discipline demeure cantonnĂ©e au bassin mĂ©diterranĂ©en.A la diffĂ©rence de la frange Pacifique soumise aux frĂ©quents et bien circonscrits sĂ©ismes de subduction, la rĂ©gion de Cusco au PĂ©rou est principalement affectĂ©e par une sismicitĂ© crustale modĂ©rĂ©e mais diffuse. Cette derniĂšre reprĂ©sente un danger latent et un alĂ©a trĂšs largement sous-estimĂ©. La rĂ©gion est Ă©galement le berceau de la culture inca et de son architecture en pierre monumentale, prĂ©tendument parasismique. Ce patrimoine offre donc une opportunitĂ© unique d’élargir le catalogue sismique, mieux comprendre la dynamique des failles rĂ©gionales et amĂ©liorer notre comprĂ©hension de la perception/gestion des tremblements de terre Ă  l’époque inca. Dans le cadre de ce travail de thĂšse original nous prĂ©sentons les rĂ©sultats de la premiĂšre Ă©tude archĂ©osismologique de grande ampleur en AmĂ©rique du Sud. Cette dĂ©marche transdisciplinaire inclue une prospection sur 17 sites incas, la conception/rĂ©alisation d’un systĂšme de collecte et de gestion des donnĂ©es de terrain et la rĂ©interprĂ©tation d’un rĂ©cit lĂ©gendaire de la tradition orale prĂ©colombienne. En outre, nous avons Ă©laborĂ© une mĂ©thodologie permettant l’analyse vibratoire de structures massives en pierre, sur un cas d’étude en France lors de la crise sismique du Teil (2019) et avant son application Ă  Cusco.Avec plus de 3000 dommages sismiques identifiĂ©s, les rĂ©sultats obtenus dĂ©montrent, en premier lieu, la capacitĂ© des Ă©difices incas Ă  enregistrer des sĂ©ismes. Les donnĂ©es historiques suggĂšrent d’ailleurs un seuil de sensibilitĂ© proche de VIII en terme d’intensitĂ© sismique de ce type de construction. La grande majoritĂ© des dĂ©formations enregistrĂ©es dans le bĂąti en Ă©lĂ©vation tĂ©moigne donc de l’occurrence d’un, ou plusieurs, sĂ©ismes plus violents que ceux recensĂ©s depuis 1650. L’interprĂ©tation combinĂ©e des donnĂ©es de terrain et des donnĂ©es ethnohistoriques supporte l’existence, d’au moins un sĂ©isme majeur (Mw≄6.5) durant la phase impĂ©riale inca (1400-1533 CE), associĂ© Ă  la rupture en surface du segment de faille Tambomachay-Pachatusan bordant le nord du bassin de Cusco. Enfin, notre travail souligne l’intĂ©rĂȘt des mĂ©thodes de vibrations ambiantes pour caractĂ©riser le comportement dynamique des structures archĂ©ologiques et interroger la conception parasismique de l’architecture inca.Compte tenu des rĂ©sultats obtenus, ce manuscrit pose les bases d’une analyse renouvelĂ©e des interactions entre populations prĂ©colombiennes et sismicitĂ©, et plaide pour un dĂ©veloppement accru de l’archĂ©osismologie et de la palĂ©osismologie dans les Hautes Terres andines, et Ă  plus grande Ă©chelle en AmĂ©rique du Sud oĂč cette approche n’a pas Ă©tĂ© encore Ă©tĂ© mise en Ɠuvre

    Approche archéosismologique dans le berceau des Incas (Cusco, Pérou). Potentialités et limites pour l'évaluation de l'aléa sismique actuel et la perception passée du risque tellurique

    No full text
    Considering the increasing exposure of modern societies to earthquakes, an accurate assessment of the seismic hazard is of major significance. Identifying the earthquake evidence in the archaeological record is now considered a relevant approach for bridging the gap between palaeoseismology and historical/instrumental seismicity. However, this field of research remains confined to the Mediterranean area.Unlike the Pacific margin, subject to frequent and well-defined megathrust earthquakes, the Cusco region in Peru is affected mainly by crustal seismicity, moderate but diffuse. The latter represents a latent danger and a significantly underestimated hazard. The region is also the heartland of the Incas and the focal point of their monumental stone architecture, allegedly earthquake-resistant. This heritage thus offers a unique opportunity to expand the seismic catalogue, better understand the dynamics of regional faults and improve our understanding of the perception/management of earthquakes in Inca times. In this pioneering PhD work, we present the results of the first large-scale archaeoseismological study in South America. The cross-disciplinary approach we conducted includes an extensive survey of 17 archaeological sites, the design/development of a field data collection-management system and the reinterpretation of a legendary story coming from the pre-Columbian oral tradition. In addition, we developed a methodology allowing the analysis of the dynamic response of massive stone structures, through a case study during the Le Teil seismic crisis (2019) in France, and prior to its application in Cusco.First, with more than 3,000 earthquake features registered, the results show the potential of the Inca buildings to record earthquakes. Regarding the sensitivity threshold of this type of construction, the historical data suggest a seismic intensity close to VIII. The great majority of the damage recorded in the archaeological remains demonstrates thus the occurrence of one, or more, ground motions, stronger than those reported since 1650. Through the combined interpretation of field and ethnohistorical data, we support the existence of, at least, one major earthquake (Mw≄6.5) during the Inca imperial phase (1400-1533 CE), associated with the surface rupture of the Tambomachay-Pachatusan fault segment bordering the northern part of the Cusco Basin. Finally, our work emphasizes the interest of ambient vibration based techniques to characterize the dynamic behaviour of archaeological structures and question the earthquake-proof design of Inca architecture.More broadly, this manuscript lays the foundation for a renewed analysis of the interactions between pre-Columbian populations and the seismicity, and argues for greater development of the palaeo- and archaeoseismology in the Andean Highlands, and on a larger scale in South America where this approach has not yet been implemented.Face Ă  l’exposition croissante de nos sociĂ©tĂ©s aux tremblements de terre, une Ă©valuation prĂ©cise de l’alĂ©a sismique s’avĂšre ĂȘtre une impĂ©rieuse nĂ©cessitĂ©. Identifier les marqueurs de la sismicitĂ© dans le registre archĂ©ologique est dĂ©sormais reconnu comme une approche pertinente afin de combler le fossĂ© entre la palĂ©osismologie et la sismicitĂ© historique/instrumentale. Pourtant, cette discipline demeure cantonnĂ©e au bassin mĂ©diterranĂ©en.A la diffĂ©rence de la frange Pacifique soumise aux frĂ©quents et bien circonscrits sĂ©ismes de subduction, la rĂ©gion de Cusco au PĂ©rou est principalement affectĂ©e par une sismicitĂ© crustale modĂ©rĂ©e mais diffuse. Cette derniĂšre reprĂ©sente un danger latent et un alĂ©a trĂšs largement sous-estimĂ©. La rĂ©gion est Ă©galement le berceau de la culture inca et de son architecture en pierre monumentale, prĂ©tendument parasismique. Ce patrimoine offre donc une opportunitĂ© unique d’élargir le catalogue sismique, mieux comprendre la dynamique des failles rĂ©gionales et amĂ©liorer notre comprĂ©hension de la perception/gestion des tremblements de terre Ă  l’époque inca. Dans le cadre de ce travail de thĂšse original nous prĂ©sentons les rĂ©sultats de la premiĂšre Ă©tude archĂ©osismologique de grande ampleur en AmĂ©rique du Sud. Cette dĂ©marche transdisciplinaire inclue une prospection sur 17 sites incas, la conception/rĂ©alisation d’un systĂšme de collecte et de gestion des donnĂ©es de terrain et la rĂ©interprĂ©tation d’un rĂ©cit lĂ©gendaire de la tradition orale prĂ©colombienne. En outre, nous avons Ă©laborĂ© une mĂ©thodologie permettant l’analyse vibratoire de structures massives en pierre, sur un cas d’étude en France lors de la crise sismique du Teil (2019) et avant son application Ă  Cusco.Avec plus de 3000 dommages sismiques identifiĂ©s, les rĂ©sultats obtenus dĂ©montrent, en premier lieu, la capacitĂ© des Ă©difices incas Ă  enregistrer des sĂ©ismes. Les donnĂ©es historiques suggĂšrent d’ailleurs un seuil de sensibilitĂ© proche de VIII en terme d’intensitĂ© sismique de ce type de construction. La grande majoritĂ© des dĂ©formations enregistrĂ©es dans le bĂąti en Ă©lĂ©vation tĂ©moigne donc de l’occurrence d’un, ou plusieurs, sĂ©ismes plus violents que ceux recensĂ©s depuis 1650. L’interprĂ©tation combinĂ©e des donnĂ©es de terrain et des donnĂ©es ethnohistoriques supporte l’existence, d’au moins un sĂ©isme majeur (Mw≄6.5) durant la phase impĂ©riale inca (1400-1533 CE), associĂ© Ă  la rupture en surface du segment de faille Tambomachay-Pachatusan bordant le nord du bassin de Cusco. Enfin, notre travail souligne l’intĂ©rĂȘt des mĂ©thodes de vibrations ambiantes pour caractĂ©riser le comportement dynamique des structures archĂ©ologiques et interroger la conception parasismique de l’architecture inca.Compte tenu des rĂ©sultats obtenus, ce manuscrit pose les bases d’une analyse renouvelĂ©e des interactions entre populations prĂ©colombiennes et sismicitĂ©, et plaide pour un dĂ©veloppement accru de l’archĂ©osismologie et de la palĂ©osismologie dans les Hautes Terres andines, et Ă  plus grande Ă©chelle en AmĂ©rique du Sud oĂč cette approche n’a pas Ă©tĂ© encore Ă©tĂ© mise en Ɠuvre

    Approche archéosismologique dans le berceau des Incas (Cusco, Pérou). Potentialités et limites pour l'évaluation de l'aléa sismique actuel et la perception passée du risque tellurique

    No full text
    Considering the increasing exposure of modern societies to earthquakes, an accurate assessment of the seismic hazard is of major significance. Identifying the earthquake evidence in the archaeological record is now considered a relevant approach for bridging the gap between palaeoseismology and historical/instrumental seismicity. However, this field of research remains confined to the Mediterranean area.Unlike the Pacific margin, subject to frequent and well-defined megathrust earthquakes, the Cusco region in Peru is affected mainly by crustal seismicity, moderate but diffuse. The latter represents a latent danger and a significantly underestimated hazard. The region is also the heartland of the Incas and the focal point of their monumental stone architecture, allegedly earthquake-resistant. This heritage thus offers a unique opportunity to expand the seismic catalogue, better understand the dynamics of regional faults and improve our understanding of the perception/management of earthquakes in Inca times. In this pioneering PhD work, we present the results of the first large-scale archaeoseismological study in South America. The cross-disciplinary approach we conducted includes an extensive survey of 17 archaeological sites, the design/development of a field data collection-management system and the reinterpretation of a legendary story coming from the pre-Columbian oral tradition. In addition, we developed a methodology allowing the analysis of the dynamic response of massive stone structures, through a case study during the Le Teil seismic crisis (2019) in France, and prior to its application in Cusco.First, with more than 3,000 earthquake features registered, the results show the potential of the Inca buildings to record earthquakes. Regarding the sensitivity threshold of this type of construction, the historical data suggest a seismic intensity close to VIII. The great majority of the damage recorded in the archaeological remains demonstrates thus the occurrence of one, or more, ground motions, stronger than those reported since 1650. Through the combined interpretation of field and ethnohistorical data, we support the existence of, at least, one major earthquake (Mw≄6.5) during the Inca imperial phase (1400-1533 CE), associated with the surface rupture of the Tambomachay-Pachatusan fault segment bordering the northern part of the Cusco Basin. Finally, our work emphasizes the interest of ambient vibration based techniques to characterize the dynamic behaviour of archaeological structures and question the earthquake-proof design of Inca architecture.More broadly, this manuscript lays the foundation for a renewed analysis of the interactions between pre-Columbian populations and the seismicity, and argues for greater development of the palaeo- and archaeoseismology in the Andean Highlands, and on a larger scale in South America where this approach has not yet been implemented.Face Ă  l’exposition croissante de nos sociĂ©tĂ©s aux tremblements de terre, une Ă©valuation prĂ©cise de l’alĂ©a sismique s’avĂšre ĂȘtre une impĂ©rieuse nĂ©cessitĂ©. Identifier les marqueurs de la sismicitĂ© dans le registre archĂ©ologique est dĂ©sormais reconnu comme une approche pertinente afin de combler le fossĂ© entre la palĂ©osismologie et la sismicitĂ© historique/instrumentale. Pourtant, cette discipline demeure cantonnĂ©e au bassin mĂ©diterranĂ©en.A la diffĂ©rence de la frange Pacifique soumise aux frĂ©quents et bien circonscrits sĂ©ismes de subduction, la rĂ©gion de Cusco au PĂ©rou est principalement affectĂ©e par une sismicitĂ© crustale modĂ©rĂ©e mais diffuse. Cette derniĂšre reprĂ©sente un danger latent et un alĂ©a trĂšs largement sous-estimĂ©. La rĂ©gion est Ă©galement le berceau de la culture inca et de son architecture en pierre monumentale, prĂ©tendument parasismique. Ce patrimoine offre donc une opportunitĂ© unique d’élargir le catalogue sismique, mieux comprendre la dynamique des failles rĂ©gionales et amĂ©liorer notre comprĂ©hension de la perception/gestion des tremblements de terre Ă  l’époque inca. Dans le cadre de ce travail de thĂšse original nous prĂ©sentons les rĂ©sultats de la premiĂšre Ă©tude archĂ©osismologique de grande ampleur en AmĂ©rique du Sud. Cette dĂ©marche transdisciplinaire inclue une prospection sur 17 sites incas, la conception/rĂ©alisation d’un systĂšme de collecte et de gestion des donnĂ©es de terrain et la rĂ©interprĂ©tation d’un rĂ©cit lĂ©gendaire de la tradition orale prĂ©colombienne. En outre, nous avons Ă©laborĂ© une mĂ©thodologie permettant l’analyse vibratoire de structures massives en pierre, sur un cas d’étude en France lors de la crise sismique du Teil (2019) et avant son application Ă  Cusco.Avec plus de 3000 dommages sismiques identifiĂ©s, les rĂ©sultats obtenus dĂ©montrent, en premier lieu, la capacitĂ© des Ă©difices incas Ă  enregistrer des sĂ©ismes. Les donnĂ©es historiques suggĂšrent d’ailleurs un seuil de sensibilitĂ© proche de VIII en terme d’intensitĂ© sismique de ce type de construction. La grande majoritĂ© des dĂ©formations enregistrĂ©es dans le bĂąti en Ă©lĂ©vation tĂ©moigne donc de l’occurrence d’un, ou plusieurs, sĂ©ismes plus violents que ceux recensĂ©s depuis 1650. L’interprĂ©tation combinĂ©e des donnĂ©es de terrain et des donnĂ©es ethnohistoriques supporte l’existence, d’au moins un sĂ©isme majeur (Mw≄6.5) durant la phase impĂ©riale inca (1400-1533 CE), associĂ© Ă  la rupture en surface du segment de faille Tambomachay-Pachatusan bordant le nord du bassin de Cusco. Enfin, notre travail souligne l’intĂ©rĂȘt des mĂ©thodes de vibrations ambiantes pour caractĂ©riser le comportement dynamique des structures archĂ©ologiques et interroger la conception parasismique de l’architecture inca.Compte tenu des rĂ©sultats obtenus, ce manuscrit pose les bases d’une analyse renouvelĂ©e des interactions entre populations prĂ©colombiennes et sismicitĂ©, et plaide pour un dĂ©veloppement accru de l’archĂ©osismologie et de la palĂ©osismologie dans les Hautes Terres andines, et Ă  plus grande Ă©chelle en AmĂ©rique du Sud oĂč cette approche n’a pas Ă©tĂ© encore Ă©tĂ© mise en Ɠuvre

    Approche archéosismologique dans le berceau des Incas (Cusco, Pérou). Potentialités et limites pour l'évaluation de l'aléa sismique actuel et la perception passée du risque tellurique

    No full text
    Considering the increasing exposure of modern societies to earthquakes, an accurate assessment of the seismic hazard is of major significance. Identifying the earthquake evidence in the archaeological record is now considered a relevant approach for bridging the gap between palaeoseismology and historical/instrumental seismicity. However, this field of research remains confined to the Mediterranean area.Unlike the Pacific margin, subject to frequent and well-defined megathrust earthquakes, the Cusco region in Peru is affected mainly by crustal seismicity, moderate but diffuse. The latter represents a latent danger and a significantly underestimated hazard. The region is also the heartland of the Incas and the focal point of their monumental stone architecture, allegedly earthquake-resistant. This heritage thus offers a unique opportunity to expand the seismic catalogue, better understand the dynamics of regional faults and improve our understanding of the perception/management of earthquakes in Inca times. In this pioneering PhD work, we present the results of the first large-scale archaeoseismological study in South America. The cross-disciplinary approach we conducted includes an extensive survey of 17 archaeological sites, the design/development of a field data collection-management system and the reinterpretation of a legendary story coming from the pre-Columbian oral tradition. In addition, we developed a methodology allowing the analysis of the dynamic response of massive stone structures, through a case study during the Le Teil seismic crisis (2019) in France, and prior to its application in Cusco.First, with more than 3,000 earthquake features registered, the results show the potential of the Inca buildings to record earthquakes. Regarding the sensitivity threshold of this type of construction, the historical data suggest a seismic intensity close to VIII. The great majority of the damage recorded in the archaeological remains demonstrates thus the occurrence of one, or more, ground motions, stronger than those reported since 1650. Through the combined interpretation of field and ethnohistorical data, we support the existence of, at least, one major earthquake (Mw≄6.5) during the Inca imperial phase (1400-1533 CE), associated with the surface rupture of the Tambomachay-Pachatusan fault segment bordering the northern part of the Cusco Basin. Finally, our work emphasizes the interest of ambient vibration based techniques to characterize the dynamic behaviour of archaeological structures and question the earthquake-proof design of Inca architecture.More broadly, this manuscript lays the foundation for a renewed analysis of the interactions between pre-Columbian populations and the seismicity, and argues for greater development of the palaeo- and archaeoseismology in the Andean Highlands, and on a larger scale in South America where this approach has not yet been implemented.Face Ă  l’exposition croissante de nos sociĂ©tĂ©s aux tremblements de terre, une Ă©valuation prĂ©cise de l’alĂ©a sismique s’avĂšre ĂȘtre une impĂ©rieuse nĂ©cessitĂ©. Identifier les marqueurs de la sismicitĂ© dans le registre archĂ©ologique est dĂ©sormais reconnu comme une approche pertinente afin de combler le fossĂ© entre la palĂ©osismologie et la sismicitĂ© historique/instrumentale. Pourtant, cette discipline demeure cantonnĂ©e au bassin mĂ©diterranĂ©en.A la diffĂ©rence de la frange Pacifique soumise aux frĂ©quents et bien circonscrits sĂ©ismes de subduction, la rĂ©gion de Cusco au PĂ©rou est principalement affectĂ©e par une sismicitĂ© crustale modĂ©rĂ©e mais diffuse. Cette derniĂšre reprĂ©sente un danger latent et un alĂ©a trĂšs largement sous-estimĂ©. La rĂ©gion est Ă©galement le berceau de la culture inca et de son architecture en pierre monumentale, prĂ©tendument parasismique. Ce patrimoine offre donc une opportunitĂ© unique d’élargir le catalogue sismique, mieux comprendre la dynamique des failles rĂ©gionales et amĂ©liorer notre comprĂ©hension de la perception/gestion des tremblements de terre Ă  l’époque inca. Dans le cadre de ce travail de thĂšse original nous prĂ©sentons les rĂ©sultats de la premiĂšre Ă©tude archĂ©osismologique de grande ampleur en AmĂ©rique du Sud. Cette dĂ©marche transdisciplinaire inclue une prospection sur 17 sites incas, la conception/rĂ©alisation d’un systĂšme de collecte et de gestion des donnĂ©es de terrain et la rĂ©interprĂ©tation d’un rĂ©cit lĂ©gendaire de la tradition orale prĂ©colombienne. En outre, nous avons Ă©laborĂ© une mĂ©thodologie permettant l’analyse vibratoire de structures massives en pierre, sur un cas d’étude en France lors de la crise sismique du Teil (2019) et avant son application Ă  Cusco.Avec plus de 3000 dommages sismiques identifiĂ©s, les rĂ©sultats obtenus dĂ©montrent, en premier lieu, la capacitĂ© des Ă©difices incas Ă  enregistrer des sĂ©ismes. Les donnĂ©es historiques suggĂšrent d’ailleurs un seuil de sensibilitĂ© proche de VIII en terme d’intensitĂ© sismique de ce type de construction. La grande majoritĂ© des dĂ©formations enregistrĂ©es dans le bĂąti en Ă©lĂ©vation tĂ©moigne donc de l’occurrence d’un, ou plusieurs, sĂ©ismes plus violents que ceux recensĂ©s depuis 1650. L’interprĂ©tation combinĂ©e des donnĂ©es de terrain et des donnĂ©es ethnohistoriques supporte l’existence, d’au moins un sĂ©isme majeur (Mw≄6.5) durant la phase impĂ©riale inca (1400-1533 CE), associĂ© Ă  la rupture en surface du segment de faille Tambomachay-Pachatusan bordant le nord du bassin de Cusco. Enfin, notre travail souligne l’intĂ©rĂȘt des mĂ©thodes de vibrations ambiantes pour caractĂ©riser le comportement dynamique des structures archĂ©ologiques et interroger la conception parasismique de l’architecture inca.Compte tenu des rĂ©sultats obtenus, ce manuscrit pose les bases d’une analyse renouvelĂ©e des interactions entre populations prĂ©colombiennes et sismicitĂ©, et plaide pour un dĂ©veloppement accru de l’archĂ©osismologie et de la palĂ©osismologie dans les Hautes Terres andines, et Ă  plus grande Ă©chelle en AmĂ©rique du Sud oĂč cette approche n’a pas Ă©tĂ© encore Ă©tĂ© mise en Ɠuvre
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