L’emigrazione dal Lazio: il dibattito storiografico

The debate among the historians about migrations from Latiu

Partire, lavorare, parlare: uno sguardo all'emigrazione italiana dal 1945 agli anni Settanta

This chapter describes the history of italian emigration since the second world war. Emigration after the war depended on many social and economic variables, as well as the difficulties of integration in the countries to which they emigrated. Those leaving often only hoped to scrape together small amounts useful for planning their future and that of their own family. Those countries who received the immigrants, did not want them to remain for too long: the countries that welcomed manpower did so under strict conditions and by linking the immigrant presence to contracts of employment. In the 60s and 70s italian emigration was less precarious, but after the economic crisis (1973) a lot of people was forced to return to Italy. The characteristics of the relationship between multilingualism and emigration in this period are very much influenced by social and political conditions

Migration in Southern Europe since 1945: The Entanglement of many Mobilities

“Space” – in which the phenomenon of migration takes place – is not the only category to be rethought and relocated in migration studies. Another key issue is “time”, or rather a periodisation. For a long time, the academic debate on Europeans Mediterranean countries has been dominated by a claim that has been more or less taken as given, namely, the historical succession of emigration and immigration. Italy, Spain, Greece, and Portugal are supposed to have followed, according to this evidence, a cyclical model of migration that was around up until the 1970s, the emigration beyond national borders being seen as a predominant movement following by a massive foreign immigration which is said to have supplanted the centrality of expatriation. The article proposes a new point of view about this question, incorporating emigration, immigration and internal migration in Italy, Spain, Greece, and Portugal in a convergent perspective.L’« espace » – dans lequel se produisent les migrations – n’est pas la seule catégorie à être repensée et relocalisée dans les études sur la migration. Le « temps », ou plutôt la périodisation, est un autre problème clé. Pendant longtemps, le débat savant sur les pays méditerranéens d’Europe a été dominé par une conviction plus ou moins partagée sur la succession historique de l’émigration et de l’immigration. Selon ces termes, l’Italie, l’Espagne, la Grèce et le Portugal auraient suivi un modèle migratoire cyclique qui a existé jusque dans les années 1970, l’émigration au-delà des frontières nationales étant perçue comme un mouvement prédominant suivi d’une immigration étrangère massive qui aurait supplanté la centralité de l’expatriation. L’article propose un nouveau point de vue sur cette question, intégrant émigration, immigration et migration interne en Italie, en Espagne, en Grèce et au Portugal dans une perspective convergente.El «espacio», en el que se produce el fenómeno de la migración, no es la única categoría que debe ser repensada y reubicada en los estudios migratorios. Otro tema clave es el «tiempo», o más bien la periodización. Durante mucho tiempo, el debate académico sobre los países mediterráneos europeos ha estado dominado por una afirmación que se ha considerado más o menos dada, a saber, la sucesión histórica de emigración e inmigración. Se supone que Italia, España, Grecia y Portugal han seguido, de acuerdo con esta evidencia, un modelo cíclico de migración que se extendió hasta la década de 1970, la emigración se considera un movimiento predominante seguido por una inmigración extranjera masiva que suplantó la centralidad de la expatriación. El artículo propone un nuevo punto de vista sobre esta cuestión, incorporando la emigración, la inmigración y la migración interna en Italia, España, Grecia y Portugal en una perspectiva convergente

Simulated last deglaciation of the Barents Sea Ice Sheet primarily driven by oceanic conditions

The Barents Sea Ice Sheet was part of an interconnected complex of ice sheets, collectively referred to as the Eurasian Ice Sheet, which covered north-westernmost Europe, Russia and the Barents Sea during the Last Glacial Maximum (around 21 ky BP). Due to common geological features, the Barents Sea component of this ice complex is seen as a paleo-analogue for the present-day West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Investigating key processes driving the last deglaciation of the Barents Sea Ice Sheet represents an important tool to interpret recent observations in Antarctica over the multi-millennial temporal scale of glaciological changes. We present results from a perturbed physics ensemble of ice sheet model simulations of the last deglaciation of the Barents Sea Ice Sheet, forced with transient atmospheric and oceanic conditions derived from AOGCM simulations. The ensemble of transient simulations is evaluated against the data-based DATED-1 reconstruction to construct minimum, maximum and average deglaciation scenarios. Despite a large model/data mismatch at the western and eastern ice sheet margins, the simulated and DATED-1 deglaciation scenarios agree well on the timing of the deglaciation of the central and northern Barents Sea. We find that the simulated deglaciation of the Barents Sea Ice Sheet is primarily driven by the oceanic forcing, with prescribed eustatic sea level rise amplifying the ice sheet sensitivity to sub-shelf melting over relatively short intervals. Our results highlight that the sub-shelf melting has a very strong control on the simulated grounding-line flux, showing that a slow, gradual ocean warming trend is capable of triggering sustained grounded ice discharge over multi-millennial timescales, even without taking into account marine ice sheet or ice cliff instability

Dry-aged beef steaks: effect of dietary supplementation with Pinus taeda hydrolyzed lignin on sensory profile, colorimetric and oxidative stability

Flavor is one of the main factors involved in consumer meat-purchasing decision and use of natural antioxidants in animal feeding had a great appeal for consumers. The aim of this trial is to evaluate the effect of Pinus taeda hydrolyzed lignin (PTHL) feed addition on oxidative stability, volatile compounds characteristics, and sensory attributes of 35 days dry-aged beef steaks. Forty steer six months old were randomly divided into a control group (CON; n = 20) and an experimental group (PTHL; n = 20). Both groups were fed ad libitum for 120 days with the same TMR and only the PTHL group received PTHL supplement. Samples of LT muscle were removed from carcasses and dry aged for 35 days at 2 °C, 82% of humidity, and 0.4 m/s of ventilation and then analyzed. Meat of CON group showed lower yellowness (p < 0.01) and higher TBARS (p < 0.01) values. Moreover, CON meat showed higher volatile aldehydes and lower sulfur compounds (p < 0.01), with higher unpleasant odor (p < 0.05) and meaty odor (p < 0.01) score revealed by sensory assessors. PTHL inclusion in beef diet delayed the oxidative mechanisms in 35 days dry-aged steaks, resulting in an improved colorimetric, volatolomic, and sensory profile

Basal cytokines profile in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients treated with subcutaneous IL-2-based therapy compared with that of healthy donors

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background and purpose</p> <p>Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) has a poor prognosis with a median overall survival of about one year. Since only a minority of patients experienced therapeutic benefit to current treatments, several studies have attempted to identify factors that may have an impact on response and survival. Cytokines play a crucial role in the host's immune response by regulating the development and function of a lot of biological compartments. Nevertheless, available data on basal cytokine levels in MRCC are very few and no clear profile of serum cytokines has been identified yet in these patients population. Thus, determining the levels of cytokines in MRCC could not only help in understanding the biological mechanisms of the tumor growth, but also in evaluating if different cytokine profiles are correlated with particular clinical behaviors.</p> <p>Materials and methods</p> <p>In 144 healthy donors and 55 MRCC treated with subcutaneous IL-2-based regimens, we analysed a panel of basal cytokines particularly involved in the neoplastic progression (IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, alpha-TNF) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in order to compare their levels in the two groups, and to verify their impact on patient response and survival.</p> <p>We first compared cytokines levels in patients population and healthy donors. Than, in definite patients group, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the correlation existing between each factor considered and clinical outcomes. For these analyses, baseline values were included as dichotomous variables using the median values (above and below) of control group.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In general, higher levels of cytokines were found in patients with respect to those of healthy donors, both in term of percentage of undetectable levels or median values. The impact on response was insignificant, except for higher levels of CRP that were strongly correlated with a worse response (p < 0.001). Within the patients groups, a worse survival was associated with higher values of CRP (8 vs 31 months, p = 0.0000), IL-6 (9 vs 25 months, p = 0.0295), and IL-8 (9 vs 17 months, p = 0.0371). Conversely, higher levels of IL-12 were associated with a better survival (25 vs 15 months, months p = 0.0882). A correlation was found between CRP and IL-6 (p = 0.009) and between CRP and IL-10 (p = 0.038). After multivariate analysis only CRP (p = 0.0035) and IL-12 (p = 0.0371) maintained an independent impact on survival, while IL-6 showed a borderline value (p = 0.0792).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Higher cytokines levels characterize patients population with respect to healthy donors. Moreover, higher basal level of some immunosuppressive cytokines (CRP, IL-6, IL-8) result correlated with a poorer survival, whereas higher levels of IL-12, a cytokine with a potent antineoplastic activity, was associated with a better survival. A wider sample of patients is needed to better clarify if our findings are intrinsically related to patients population or if they are simply an epiphenomenon of disease progression.</p