An Exploration of Youth Experiences in Chatrooms

Internet predation of minors has increasingly become a focus of child abuse research and legislation. Concerns have arisen regarding “online grooming,” the ongoing process during which an adult offender prepares a child for sexual abuse by gaining emotional access to the child through an intimate online relationship. The present study provided one of the first comprehensive examinations of a victim\u27s perspective of online grooming. Participants were 374 male and female college students at a public undergraduate institution who completed an online survey covering demographics, lifestyle factors, and experiences online of sexual solicitation or online grooming. Results showed that approximately 30% (n = 75) of the respondents reported chatting with adult strangers on-line when they were minors, with 66% (n = 49) of those reporting sexual solicitation from adult strangers. Moreover, 53% (n = 40) of those who chatted with adult strangers reported some involvement in an interpersonal online relationship that could be characterized as grooming. Very few respondents reported (12%; n = 8) meeting and engaging in sexual intercourse with an adult from an online chatroom when they were youth. Importantly, open-ended responses revealed that the experience of having sexualized conversations or romantic relationships with adults online has been normalized by children and adolescents. That is, the romantic overtures in these conversations were perceived by participants to be legitimate consensual relationships, even when those relationships led to physical sexual intercourse between an adult and child. The findings from the present study have significant implications for prevention of online sexual grooming by understanding the way in which young Internet users perceive potentially predatory communications and relationships with adults

Importância do sistema de semeadura direta na população microbiana do solo.

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Atividade da enzima fosfatase ácida em diferentes manejos de solo na região oeste do Paraná.

Editado por Arnaldo Colozzi Filho, João Henrique Caviglione, Graziela Moraes de Cesare Barbosa, Luciano Grillo Gil, Tiago Santos Telles

Chemical and microbiological changes in a sandy soil with pig liquid waste application in southern Brazil.

Liquid residue from pig farming contains nutrients that can be used for the fertilization of cultivated soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate chemical and microbiological changes in a sandy soil under pasture with Bermuda Grass (Cynodon spp) that received doses of pig liquid waste (PLW). The experiment was conducted in Cianorte-PR, Brazil , in a Typic Hapludox soil with sandy te xture . The treatments consisted of 30, 60 and 90 m3 ha-1yr-1 of PLW or chemical fertilizer (CF ) applied for two years in a randomized block design, with three replications. Soil samples were taken at 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-40 cm layers , after three mont hs of the second consecutive application of PLW in the second year, before grazing. PLW increased the concentrations of P, C and K at 10-20 and 20-40 cm soil depth, in addition to increasing the microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and the population of rhizobia at 0-10-10 cm, in the treatment with 90 m3 ha -1yr-1. PLW improve the chemical fertility at deeper soil layers and the biological fertility at 0 -10 cm of a sandy soil under pasture

Biomassa microbiana e sua atividade em solos sob diferentes sistemas de preparo e sucessão de culturas.

RESUMO: Foi avaliada a biomassa microbiana e sua atividade, em solo submetido às sucessões de culturas trigo/soja e trigo/milho, preparado pelo sistema convencional e em plantio direto. A avaliação foi realizada em um experimento realizado em um Latossolo Roxo desde 1976 na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná-IAPAR, em Londrina (PR). Foram coletadas amostras na profundidade de 0-15 cm, dez dias após o plantio e sete dias antes da colheita da cultura de verão e de inverno dos anos de 1992, 1993 e 1994. Avaliaram-se a respiracão basal do solo e o carbono da biomassa microbiana pelo método de fumigação-incubação; o nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, pelo método da fumigação-extração, o quociente metabólico e a relação C mic/Corg dos solos. Houve poucas diferenças significativas nos parâmetros avaliados, em função das diferentes sucessões de culturas. As parcelas sob plantio direto apresentaram incrementos de 118 e 101% no carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, respectivamente, de 73% na respiração basal e de 96% na relação C mic/Corg, enquanto houve um decréscimo de 28% no quociente metabólico (qCO2). Os dados obtidos evidenciam que a prática do plantio direto proporciona maior biomassa microbiana e menor perda relativa de C via respiração, podendo determinar, assim, maior acúmulo de C no solo a longo prazo. Conseqüentemente, os parâmetros microbiológicos mostraram-se bons indicadores de alterações do solo em função do manejo. ABSTRACT: In this study, microbial biomass and its activity were evaluated on a soil submitted to crop rotations with heat/soybean and wheat/maize under the no-tillage and conventional tillage systems. The evaluation was performed on an experiment established since 1976 at the Experimental Station of Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), Londrina (PR), Brazil. Soil samples were taken in the plough layer (0-15 cm) ten days after planting and seven days before harvesting summer and winter crops during 1992, 1993 and 1994. The basal respiration and the microbial biomass carbon were evaluated by the fumigation-incubation method, and the microbial biomass nitrogen was evaluated by fumigation-extraction, the determination of the metabolic coefficient and the relation C mic/C org of the soil. There were few significant differences on the parameters related above as a result of the different crop rotations. However, when compared with the conventional tillage, the plots under the no-tillage system have shown increases of 118 and 101% on carbon and nitrogen microbial biomass, respectively, of 73% on basal respiration and of 96% on the relation Cmic/Corg, while the metabolic quotient (qCO 2 ) has decreased by 28%. The continuous use of the no-tillage system, either under wheat/soybean or wheat/maize crop rotation resulted in increases in microbial biomass and decreases in microbial respiration, therefore having measurable long term effects on the increase of soil C content. Consequently, microbial biomass has shown to be a good indicator to evaluate the effects of long term management on soil alteration

Biomassa microbiana e sua atividade em solos sob diferentes sistemas de preparo e sucessão de culturas.

RESUMO: Foi avaliada a biomassa microbiana e sua atividade, em solo submetido às sucessões de culturas trigo/soja e trigo/milho, preparado pelo sistema convencional e em plantio direto. A avaliação foi realizada em um experimento realizado em um Latossolo Roxo desde 1976 na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná-IAPAR, em Londrina (PR). Foram coletadas amostras na profundidade de 0-15 cm, dez dias após o plantio e sete dias antes da colheita da cultura de verão e de inverno dos anos de 1992, 1993 e 1994. Avaliaram-se a respiracão basal do solo e o carbono da biomassa microbiana pelo método de fumigação-incubação; o nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, pelo método da fumigação-extração, o quociente metabólico e a relação C mic/Corg dos solos. Houve poucas diferenças significativas nos parâmetros avaliados, em função das diferentes sucessões de culturas. As parcelas sob plantio direto apresentaram incrementos de 118 e 101% no carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, respectivamente, de 73% na respiração basal e de 96% na relação C mic/Corg, enquanto houve um decréscimo de 28% no quociente metabólico (qCO2). Os dados obtidos evidenciam que a prática do plantio direto proporciona maior biomassa microbiana e menor perda relativa de C via respiração, podendo determinar, assim, maior acúmulo de C no solo a longo prazo. Conseqüentemente, os parâmetros microbiológicos mostraram-se bons indicadores de alterações do solo em função do manejo. ABSTRACT: In this study, microbial biomass and its activity were evaluated on a soil submitted to crop rotations with heat/soybean and wheat/maize under the no-tillage and conventional tillage systems. The evaluation was performed on an experiment established since 1976 at the Experimental Station of Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), Londrina (PR), Brazil. Soil samples were taken in the plough layer (0-15 cm) ten days after planting and seven days before harvesting summer and winter crops during 1992, 1993 and 1994. The basal respiration and the microbial biomass carbon were evaluated by the fumigation-incubation method, and the microbial biomass nitrogen was evaluated by fumigation-extraction, the determination of the metabolic coefficient and the relation C mic/C org of the soil. There were few significant differences on the parameters related above as a result of the different crop rotations. However, when compared with the conventional tillage, the plots under the no-tillage system have shown increases of 118 and 101% on carbon and nitrogen microbial biomass, respectively, of 73% on basal respiration and of 96% on the relation Cmic/Corg, while the metabolic quotient (qCO 2 ) has decreased by 28%. The continuous use of the no-tillage system, either under wheat/soybean or wheat/maize crop rotation resulted in increases in microbial biomass and decreases in microbial respiration, therefore having measurable long term effects on the increase of soil C content. Consequently, microbial biomass has shown to be a good indicator to evaluate the effects of long term management on soil alteration

Carbono da biomassa microbiana em solo com aplicação de dejetos de suínos em sistema de plantio direto e convencional.

A aplicação de dejetos de suínos em solos cultivados pode alterar suas características químicas, físicas e biológicas. Estes estudos são importantes para compreensão e recomendação de práticas conservacionistas de uso do solo, que visam minimizar os efeitos da produção agrícola nos recursos naturais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM) do solo, em três profundidades, após a aplicação de cinco doses de dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) em sistema de plantio direto (SPD) e convencional (SPC). O experimento foi instalado em 1997, na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, em Palotina, Paraná, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico de textura argilosa. Os tratamentos foram a aplicação de 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 m3 ha-1 ano-1 de dejetos de suínos no solo cultivado em SPD ou SPC, em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Em outubro de 2015, após o cultivo de aveia (Avena strigosa), foram coletadas amostras de solo, nas profundidades de 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm e 20-40 cm, para determinação dos atributos químicos e do CBM. O DLS apresentou em g L-1 58,20 de massa seca; 5,52 N; 3,97 P; 1,4 K; 3,32 Ca; 2,16 Mg; 0,01 Cu; 0,23 Zn; 0,06 Mn; densidade de 1,01 g cm-3 e condutividade de 10,72 mS cm-1. O CBM foi avaliado pelo método de fumigação-extração. O teor de carbono nos extratos foi quantificado por titulação com sulfato ferroso amoniacal, após a oxidação do dicromato de potássio por digestão sulfúrica. O CBM foi calculado utilizando um fator de correção Kc de 0,33. A análise de variância foi realizada a 5% de probabilidade e, quando significativo pelo teste F, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. O CBM, com a aplicação de DLS no SPD, apresentou valores médios de 457, 355 e 284 micrograma C-CBM g solo nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm, respectivamente. No SPC, o CBM, com a aplicação de DLS, apresentou valores médios de 400, 284 e 253 micrograma C-CBM g solo, respectivamente, nas mesmas profundidades. Não houve efeito significativo das doses de DLS sobre o CBM nas profundidades 0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm, tanto sob SPD quanto SPC. Os valores de CBM foram maiores no SPD quando comparados com SPC na profundidade de 0-10 cm e 10-20 cm, não diferindo entre si na profundidade de 20-40 cm. Houve interação significativa entre as doses de DLS e SPD sobre o CBM, somente na adição das doses de 0 e 120 m3 ha-1 ano-1 DLS na profundidade de 10-20 cm.RPCS 2015

Overexpression of BLM promotes DNA damage and increased sensitivity to platinum salts in triple negative breast and serous ovarian cancers

Background: Platinum based therapy is an effective treatment for a subset of triple negative breast cancer and ovarian cancer patients. In order to increase response rate and decrease unnecessary use, robust biomarkers that predict response to therapy are needed. Patients and methods: We performed an integrated genomic approach combining differential analysis of gene expression and DNA copy number in sensitive compared to resistant triple negative breast cancers in two independent neoadjuvant cisplatin treated cohorts. Functional relevance of significant hits was investigated in vitro by overexpression, knockdown and targeted inhibitor treatment. Results: We identified two genes, the Bloom helicase (BLM) and Fanconi anemia complementation group I (FANCI), that have both increased DNA copy number and gene expression in the platinum sensitive cases. Increased level of expression of these two genes was also associated with platinum but not with taxane response in ovarian cancer. As a functional validation, we found that overexpression of BLM promotes DNA damage and induces sensitivity to cisplatin, but has no effect on paclitaxel sensitivity. Conclusions: A biomarker based on the expression levels of the BLM and FANCI genes is a potential predictor of platinum sensitivity in triple negative breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Short description: Through integrated analysis of gene expression and copy number data from two independent clinical trials in triple negative breast cancer, we identify two genes, BLM and FANCI, involved in double-strand DNA repair where increased expression is related to sensitivity to platinum induced DNA damage. Further functional validation reveals that overexpression of BLM alone promotes DNA damage

Perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) treatment: an Italian nationwide propensity score-matched cohort study investigating laparoscopic vs open approach

BackgroundPerforated peptic ulcer (PPU) remain a surgical emergency accounting for 37% of all peptic ulcer-related deaths. Surgery remains the standard of care. The benefits of laparoscopic approach have been well-established even in the elderly. However, because of inconsistent results with specific regard to some technical aspects of such technique surgeons questioned the adoption of laparoscopic approach. This leads to choose the type of approach based on personal experience. The aim of our study was to critically appraise the use of the laparoscopic approach in PPU treatment comparing it with open procedure.MethodsA retrospective study with propensity score matching analysis of patients underwent surgical procedure for PPU was performed. Patients undergoing PPU repair were divided into: Laparoscopic approach (LapA) and Open approach (OpenA) groups and clinical-pathological features of patients in the both groups were compared.ResultsA total of 453 patients underwent PPU simple repair. Among these, a LapA was adopted in 49% (222/453 patients). After propensity score matching, 172 patients were included in each group (the LapA and the OpenA). Analysis demonstrated increased operative times in the OpenA [OpenA: 96.4 +/- 37.2 vs LapA 88.47 +/- 33 min, p = 0.035], with shorter overall length of stay in the LapA group [OpenA 13 +/- 12 vs LapA 10.3 +/- 11.4 days p = 0.038]. There was no statistically significant difference in mortality [OpenA 26 (15.1%) vs LapA 18 (10.5%), p = 0.258]. Focusing on morbidity, the overall rate of 30-day postoperative morbidity was significantly lower in the LapA group [OpenA 67 patients (39.0%) vs LapA 37 patients (21.5%) p = 0.002]. When stratified using the Clavien-Dindo classification, the severity of postoperative complications was statistically different only for C-D 1-2.ConclusionsBased on the present study, we can support that laparoscopic suturing of perforated peptic ulcers, apart from being a safe technique, could provide significant advantages in terms of postoperative complications and hospital stay