Constructing a Legal Framework for the Expansion Proposals of Collection Museums

In 2018, The Frick Collection, a museum featuring the private art collection of Henry Clay Frick and housed in the Frick family’s private residence, finally received approval from the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission to expand its physical footprint to accommodate its growing number of visitors. Official sanctioning of the plan came after years of consternation, however, demonstrating the competing legal principles and conflicting interests that emerge when collection museums seek to expand their physical structures. Collection museums, like the Frick, are institutions created from individuals’ private art collections that were themselves amassed to found and open the museum. Because collection museums possess a defining characteristic—a physical arrangement that integrates artwork, interior design, physical building, and landscape—proposals to alter or expand collection museums threaten to upset their unique aesthetic and experiential natures. To effectively balance the public’s right to express its interests with the collection museum’s autonomy to determine its institutional needs, this Note assesses legal frameworks for understanding the complex intersection of interests that are raised by collection museums’ proposals to expand. Critical analysis of the trust framework, even when supplemented by nonlegal constraints, reveals its shortcomings. Ultimately, a property-based framework emerges as the preferable framework, capable of enfranchising the public while also maintaining a collection museum’s authority to make necessary alterations

RESEARCH Open Access

Involving consumers and the community in the development of a diagnostic instrument for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in Australi

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: development of concensus referral criteria for specialist diagnostic assessment in Australia

Background: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is known to be under-recognised in Australia. The use of standard methods to identify when to refer individuals who may have FASD for specialist assessment could help improve the identification of this disorder. The purpose of this study was to develop referral criteria for use in Australia. Method: An online survey about FASD screening and diagnosis in Australia, which included 23 statements describing criteria for referral for fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and FASD based on published recommendations for referral in North America, was sent to 139 health professionals who had expertise or involvement in FASD screening or diagnosis. Survey findings and published criteria for referral were subsequently reviewed by a panel of 14 investigators at a consensus development workshop where criteria for referral were developed.Results: Among the 139 health professionals who were sent the survey, 103 (74%) responded, and 90 (65%) responded to the statements on criteria for referral. Over 80% of respondents agreed that referral for specialist evaluation should occur when there is evidence of significant prenatal alcohol exposure, defined as 7 or more standard drinks per week and at least 3 standard drinks on any one day, and more than 70% agreed with 13 of the16 statements that described criteria for referral other than prenatal alcohol exposure. Workshop participants recommended five independent criteria for referral: confirmed significant prenatal alcohol exposure; microcephaly and confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure; 2 or more significant central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities and confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure; 3 characteristic FAS facial anomalies; and 1 characteristic FAS facial anomaly, growth deficit and 1 or more CNS abnormalities .Conclusion: Referral criteria recommended for use in Australia are similar to those recommended in North America. There is a need to develop resources to raise awareness of these criteria among health professionals and evaluate their feasibility, acceptability and capacity to improve the identification of FASD in Australia

A modified Delphi study of screening for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in Australia

Background: There is little reliable information on the prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) in Australia and no coordinated national approach to facilitate case detection. The aim of this study was to identify health professionals’ perceptions about screening for FASD in Australia. Method: A modified Delphi process was used to assess perceptions of the need for, and the process of, screening for FASD in Australia. We recruited a panel of 130 Australian health professionals with experience or expertise in FASD screening or diagnosis. A systematic review of the literature was used to develop Likert statements on screening coverage, components and assessment methods which were administered using an online survey over two survey rounds. Results: Of the panel members surveyed, 95 (73%) responded to the questions on screening in the first survey round and, of these, 81 (85%) responded to the second round. Following two rounds there was consensus agreement on the need for targeted screening at birth (76%) and in childhood (84%). Participants did not reach consensus agreement on the need for universal screening at birth (55%) or in childhood (40%). Support for targeted screening was linked to perceived constraints on service provision and the need to examine the performance, costs and benefits of screening. For targeted screening of high risk groups, we found highest agreement for siblings of known cases of FASD (96%) and children of mothers attending alcohol treatment services (93%). Participants agreed that screening for FASD primarily requires assessment of prenatal alcohol exposure at birth (86%) and in childhood (88%), and that a checklist is needed to identify the components of screening and criteria for referral at birth (84%) and in childhood (90%). Conclusions: There is an agreed need for targeted but not universal screening for FASD in Australia, and sufficient consensus among health professionals to warrant development and evaluation of standardised methods for targeted screening and referral in the Australian context. Participants emphasised the need for locally-appropriate, evidence-based approaches to facilitate case detection, and the importance of ensuring that screening and referral programs are supported by adequate diagnostic and management capacity

Pilgrimage and Visual Genre: The Architecture of Twentieth-Century Roman Catholic Pilgrimage in Scotland

As Roman Catholics gained confidence in twentieth-century Scotland, they revived pre-Reformation shrines and pilgrimages and created new shrines with transnational connections to the modern Catholic world. Three sites in this campaign were Carfin, a new pilgrimage center based on Lourdes; Whithorn, site of medieval pilgrimages to Saint Ninian; and Dunfermline, associated with the canonized Queen Margaret of Scotland. Each had different meanings for Scottish Catholicism. The landscapes of these shrines included proposed new buildings, completed buildings, including shrines and churches, and existing features, notably caves or grottoes and medieval ruins. Whether found, professionally designed, or made by the clergy and their congregations, these sites framed and ordered pilgrimage rituals and lent them meaning. Seeing common architectural, visual features across these pilgrimages, and drawing on new archival research, we suggest that the employment of recognizable visual genres was a key way of creating a consensus amongst the faithful. International symbols of saintly presence were remade for the local context, with intertwined religious and political intentions, giving tangible expression to a revived Catholicism in Scotland, and promoting a new vision of Scotland as a Catholic nation

Tables for Estimating Dilutional Hematocrits and Blood Flow Rates from Total Blood Volume and Body Surface Area Formulae

This paper provides a historical look at the development of formulae for predicting body surface area and total blood volume. A variety of experimental methods used for the development of body surface area and total blood volume formulae are briefly reviewed. The varying results of different formulae and nomograms are considered in relation to their impact on calculations typically used for the cardiopulmonary bypass patient. Charts are provided which will aid the clinician in the determination of body surface area, relative perfusion output, total blood volume, and resultant hematocrit

Investigations into the Sterility of Manually Assembled Extracorporeal Circuits with Vented Reservoirs

This study was designed to investigate the ability of an extracorporeal circuit (ECC) with a vented hard shell reservoir to remain sterile for a period of 72 h under dry conditions. The study was conducted in three phases. In Phase One: Two previously published methods for detecting contamination of the ECC were compared. A group of positive controls was collected by contaminating identical circuits with a known level of Enterobacter cloacae (ATTC: 13047) before initiating a regimen of “sample–dilute–sample” culturing. Negative controls for this phase were conducted by randomly sampling 1 L per manufacturer’s lot of lactated ringers with each detection method. Culture results suggest that large volume filtration, but not small aliquot sampling, is sensitive to extremely low levels of contamination. No growth was detected in any negative control samples. In Phase Two: 19 ECC consisting of a membrane oxygenator, vented hardshell reservoir, arterial filter, and PVC tubing were removed from their sterile packages, assembled, and left unprotected in the moderate traffic environment of a research laboratory. The circuits were then primed with Lactated Ringer’s solution. The prime solution was sampled for aerobic contamination by large volume filtration. None of the 19 samples detected contamination. In Phase Three: 43 ECC identical to the Phase Two circuits were assembled and left unprotected in the substerile pump room. The circuits were then primed, circulated, and cultured as in Phase Two. One of the 43 samples was discarded because of a recognized break in aseptic technique during sample collection. None of the remaining samples detected contamination. Mathematical calculations of binomial probabilities suggest that the chance of an open ECC developing a detectable level of contamination within 72 h of its dry assembly is insignificant

Cardiac Myosin Filaments are Maintained by Stochastic Protein Replacement

Myosin and myosin-binding protein C are exquisitely organized into giant filamentous macromolecular complexes within cardiac muscle sarcomeres, yet these proteins must be continually replaced to maintain contractile fidelity. The overall hypothesis that myosin filament structure is dynamic and allows for the stochastic replacement of individual components was tested in vivo, using a combination of mass spectrometry- and fluorescence-based proteomic techniques. Adult mice were fed a diet that marked all newly synthesized proteins with a stable isotope-labeled amino acid. The abundance of unlabeled and labeled proteins was quantified by high-resolution mass spectrometry over an 8-week period. The rates of change in the abundance of these proteins were well described by analytical models in which protein synthesis defined stoichiometry and protein degradation was governed by the stochastic selection of individual molecules. To test whether the whole myosin filaments or the individual components were selected for replacement, cardiac muscle was chemically skinned to remove the cellular membrane and myosin filaments were solubilized with ionic solutions. The composition of the filamentous and soluble fractions was quantified by mass spectrometry, and filament depolymerization was visualized by real-time fluorescence microscopy. Myosin molecules were preferentially extracted from ends of the filaments in the presence of the ionic solutions, and there was only a slight bias in the abundance of unlabeled molecules toward the innermost region on the myosin filaments. These data demonstrate for the first time that the newly synthesized myosin and myosin-binding protein C molecules are randomly mixed into preexisting thick filaments in vivo and the rate of mixing may not be equivalent along the length of the thick filament. These data collectively support a new model of cardiac myosin filament structure, with the filaments being dynamic macromolecular assemblies that allow for replacement of their components, rather than rigid bodies