Influence of Obesity-Related Genotype on Weight Loss Success, Changes in Body Composition, Biochemical Markers, and Quality of Life While Participating in a 6-Month Weight Loss Program

The purpose of this study was to determine whether genotype of some obesity-related genes (FABP2, PPARG, ADRB2, ADRB3) impacts health outcomes from participation in a 6-month weight loss program. Fifty-one overweight/obese women (41.8 ± 12.1 yrs, 35.3 ± 8.0 kg/m^2 ) were randomly assigned to diet based on genotype, true or false match. Dietary intervention included two hypocaloric (week 1: 1400 kcal/d, weeks 2-24: 1500 kcal/d), moderate protein (45% kcal from protein) diets with variations in carbohydrates and fat (LC- 20:35, MC- 30:25). Participants performed a resistance-exercise program four days/week, and 10,000 steps/day three days/week. Anthropometrics, body composition, REE, dietary data, biochemical markers, and psychosocial evaluation were collected monthly. VO2peak, muscular strength and endurance were assessed at baseline, 3- and 6-months. All measures were analyzed with repeated measures MANOVA. Significant genotype effects and trends favoring false matches were observed for body weight (F-5.6±5.0, T-5.0±5.0 kg, p=0.10), fat free mass (F-0.4±2.3, T-0.8±2.3 kg, p=0.09), android total mass (F-849.1±882.8, T-669.7±855.4 grams, p=0.05), android fat mass (F-627±583, T-459±480 grams, p=0.07), gynoid fat free mass (F+3.0±665, T-199±534 grams, p=0.09), and fasting insulin (T+1.9±5.3, F+0.2±5.1 microIU/mL, p=0.04). Significant time x genotype interactions and trends favoring false were observed for triglycerides (T-9.9±62.3, F-35.5±49.1 mg/dL, p=0.05). Genotype effect favoring true was observed for android fat free mass (T-210.5±451.7, F- 222.0±463.8 grams, p=0.04), gynoid total mass (T-878±978, F-852±1073 grams, p=0.09), and hip circumference (T-5.1±5.5, F-4.9±3.7 cm, p=0.07). Significant genotype x diet interaction and trend was observed in favor of true MC for LDL (TMC-15.8±26.7, FMC-8.6±34.2, FLC+3.7±28.1, TLC+10.1±26.3 mg/dL, p=0.02) and cholesterol (TMC- 26.0±32.1, FMC-23.5±32.0, FLC+7.0±31.8, TLC+8.5±35.8 mg/dL, p=0.06). Overall, false matches experienced greater improvements in body composition, fitness, and biochemical markers

Influence of Obesity-Related Genotype on Weight Loss Success, Changes in Body Composition, Biochemical Markers, and Quality of Life While Participating in a 6-Month Weight Loss Program

The purpose of this study was to determine whether genotype of some obesity-related genes (FABP2, PPARG, ADRB2, ADRB3) impacts health outcomes from participation in a 6-month weight loss program. Fifty-one overweight/obese women (41.8 ± 12.1 yrs, 35.3 ± 8.0 kg/m^2 ) were randomly assigned to diet based on genotype, true or false match. Dietary intervention included two hypocaloric (week 1: 1400 kcal/d, weeks 2-24: 1500 kcal/d), moderate protein (45% kcal from protein) diets with variations in carbohydrates and fat (LC- 20:35, MC- 30:25). Participants performed a resistance-exercise program four days/week, and 10,000 steps/day three days/week. Anthropometrics, body composition, REE, dietary data, biochemical markers, and psychosocial evaluation were collected monthly. VO2peak, muscular strength and endurance were assessed at baseline, 3- and 6-months. All measures were analyzed with repeated measures MANOVA. Significant genotype effects and trends favoring false matches were observed for body weight (F-5.6±5.0, T-5.0±5.0 kg, p=0.10), fat free mass (F-0.4±2.3, T-0.8±2.3 kg, p=0.09), android total mass (F-849.1±882.8, T-669.7±855.4 grams, p=0.05), android fat mass (F-627±583, T-459±480 grams, p=0.07), gynoid fat free mass (F+3.0±665, T-199±534 grams, p=0.09), and fasting insulin (T+1.9±5.3, F+0.2±5.1 microIU/mL, p=0.04). Significant time x genotype interactions and trends favoring false were observed for triglycerides (T-9.9±62.3, F-35.5±49.1 mg/dL, p=0.05). Genotype effect favoring true was observed for android fat free mass (T-210.5±451.7, F- 222.0±463.8 grams, p=0.04), gynoid total mass (T-878±978, F-852±1073 grams, p=0.09), and hip circumference (T-5.1±5.5, F-4.9±3.7 cm, p=0.07). Significant genotype x diet interaction and trend was observed in favor of true MC for LDL (TMC-15.8±26.7, FMC-8.6±34.2, FLC+3.7±28.1, TLC+10.1±26.3 mg/dL, p=0.02) and cholesterol (TMC- 26.0±32.1, FMC-23.5±32.0, FLC+7.0±31.8, TLC+8.5±35.8 mg/dL, p=0.06). Overall, false matches experienced greater improvements in body composition, fitness, and biochemical markers

Synergy Between Licensed Rehabilitation Professionals and Clinical Exercise Physiologists: Optimizing Patient Care for Cancer Rehabilitation

Objectives: To differentiate between rehabilitation and exercise training and propose how rehabilitation professionals and exercise physiologists can collaborate to optimize cancer survivor care.Data Source: Professional organizations and peer-reviewed manuscripts.Conclusion: Both professions offer complementary skillsets that, when integrated, optimize the ability of the cancer care team to implement more effective survivorship care plans. Future models of care must incorporate efficient communications between the cancer rehabilitation program and oncology team, include various reimbursement/payment/funding options, and continuously assess program efficacy.Implications for Nursing Practice: Nurses must be cognizant of physical needs (ie, functional and conditioning status) and cancer-related comorbidities when referring cancer survivors for exercise reconditioning

Diet, Weight Management, Physical activity and Ovarian & Breast Cancer Risk in Women With

INTRODUCTION: Women with pathogenic germline gene variants in METHODS: We searched Medline, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PubMed, and clinicaltrials.gov up to October 3, 2019. We identified 2775 records and included 21. RESULTS: There is limited evidence related to these factors and ovarian cancer risk. For breast cancer risk, evidence suggests higher diet quality, adulthood weight-loss of ≥10 pounds, and activity during adolescence and young-adulthood may be linked with decreased risk. Higher meat intake and higher daily energy intake may be linked with increased risk. CONCLUSIONS: There is not enough evidence to suggest tailored recommendations for dietary habits or weight management among women wit

Energy Balance Related Lifestyle Factors and Risk of Endometrial and Colorectal Cancer among individuals With Lynch Syndrome: a Systematic Review

Lifestyle factors related to energy balance, such as excess body weight, poor diet, and physical inactivity, are associated with risk of sporadic endometrial cancer (EC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). There are limited data on energy balance-related lifestyle factors and EC or CRC risk among individuals with lynch syndrome, who are at extraordinarily higher risk of developing EC or CRC. We conducted a systematic review of evidence related to weight status, weight change, dietary habits, and physical activity on EC and CRC risk among individuals with lynch syndrome. Findings are reported narratively. We searched Medline, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PubMed, and clinicaltrials.gov up to June 14th, 2018. In total, 1060 studies were identified and 16 were included. Three studies were related to EC and 13 to CRC. Overall, evidence suggests that weight status/weight change may not be associated with EC risk and multivitamin and folic-acid supplementation may be associated with decreased EC risk. Early-adulthood overweight/obese weight-status and adulthood weight-gain may be associated with increased CRC risk, whereas multivitamin supplementation, tea and high fruit intake, and physical activity may be associated with decreased CRC risk. Current evidence proposes that recommendations related to weight, some dietary habits, and physical activity recommended for the general public are also relevant to individuals with lynch syndrome. More research is needed, specifically prospective cohorts and randomized controlled trials, to determine if tailored recommendations are needed among individuals with lynch syndrome

Reliability Estimates For assessing Meal Timing Derived From Longitudinal Repeated 24-Hour Dietary Recalls

BACKGROUND: Regulating meal timing may have efficacy for improving metabolic health for preventing or managing chronic disease. However, the reliability of measuring meal timing with commonly used dietary assessment tools needs characterization prior to investigating meal timing and health outcomes in epidemiologic studies. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the reliability of estimating meal timing parameters, including overnight fasting duration, the midpoint of overnight fasting time, the number of daily eating episodes, the period with the largest percentage of daily caloric intake, and late last eating episode (\u3e 09:00 pm) from repeated 24-h dietary recalls (24HRs). METHODS: Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Light\u27s Kappa estimates, and 95% CIs were calculated from repeated 24HR administered in 3 epidemiologic studies: The United States-based Interactive Diet and Activity Tracking in AARP (IDATA) study (n = 996, 6 24HR collected over 12-mo), German EPIC-Potsdam Validation Study (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Potsdam Germany cohort) (n = 134, 12 24HR collected over 12-mo) and EPIC-Potsdam BMBF-II Study (Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung ) (n = 725, 4 24HR collected over 36 mo). RESULTS: Measurement reliability of overnight fasting duration based on a single 24HR was poor in all studies [ICC range: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.32 - 0.46; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.50]. Reliability was moderate with 3 24HR (ICC range: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.58 in IDATA, 0.62; 95% CI: 0.52, 0.69 in the EPIC-Potsdam Validation Study, and 0.72; 95% CI: 0.70-0.75 in the EPIC-Potsdam BMBF-II Study). Results were similar for the midpoint of overnight fasting time and the number of eating episodes. Reliability of measuring late eating was fair in IDATA (Light\u27s Kappa: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.39) and slight in the EPIC-Potsdam Validation study and the EPIC-Potsdam BMBF-II study (Light\u27s Kappa: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.15, 0.25 and 0.09; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.12, respectively). Reliability estimates differed by sex, BMI, weekday, and season of 24HR administration in some studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that ≥ 3 24HR over a 1-3-y period are required for reliable estimates of meal timing variables

Secretome profiling of oral squamous cell carcinoma-associated fibroblasts reveals organization and disassembly of extracellular matrix and collagen metabolic process signatures

An important role has been attributed to cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumorigenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most common tumor of the oral cavity. Previous studies demonstrated that CAF-secreted molecules promote the proliferation and invasion of OSCC cells, inducing a more aggressive phenotype. In this study, we searched for differences in the secretome of CAFs and normal oral fibroblasts (NOF) using mass spectrometry-based proteomics and biological network analysis. Comparison of the secretome profiles revealed that upregulated proteins involved mainly in extracellular matrix organization and disassembly and collagen metabolism. Among the upregulated proteins were fibronectin type III domain-containing 1 (FNDC1), serpin peptidase inhibitor type 1 (SERPINE1), and stanniocalcin 2 (STC2), the upregulation of which was validated by quantitative PCR and ELISA in an independent set of CAF cell lines. The transition of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1)-mediating NOFs into CAFs was accompanied by significant upregulation of FNDC1, SERPINE1, and STC2, confirming the participation of these proteins in the CAF-derived secretome. Type I collagen, the main constituent of the connective tissue, was also associated with several upregulated biological processes. The immunoexpression of type I collagen N-terminal propeptide (PINP) was significantly correlated in vivo with CAFs in the tumor front and was associated with significantly shortened survival of OSCC patients. Presence of CAFs in the tumor stroma was also an independent prognostic factor for OSCC disease-free survival. These results demonstrate the value of secretome profiling for evaluating the role of CAFs in the tumor microenvironment and identify potential novel therapeutic targets such as FNDC1, SERPINE1, and STC2. Furthermore, type I collagen expression by CAFs, represented by PINP levels, may be a prognostic marker of OSCC outcome.Peer reviewe

Clinical factors associated with adherence to aerobic and resistance physical activity guidelines among cancer prevention patients and survivors.

Physical activity (PA) is a known behavior to reduce cancer risk and improve cancer survivorship, yet adherence to PA guidelines is poor among the general population and cancer survivors. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which patients referred for exercise consultation within a clinical cancer prevention setting were meeting aerobic and resistance physical activity (PA) guidelines and to identify factors associated with guideline adherence. Between 2013 and 2015, cancer prevention patients and cancer survivors were interviewed by an exercise physiologist within an Integrative Health Program at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Prevention Center. PA adherence was defined as at least 150-minutes of moderate-intensity or 75-minutes of vigorous-intensity PA per week, along with resistance training at least 2 days per week. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with meeting or not meeting PA guidelines for aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and aerobic and resistance exercise combined. Among 1,024 cancer prevention patients and survivors, 9% of patients adhered to guideline-based PA. Adherence to aerobic and resistance guidelines were 20% and 12%, respectively. Overweight or obesity was associated with not meeting guideline-based PA in both cancer prevention patients and cancer survivors. Among breast cancer survivors, combination treatment with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy ('multimodal therapy') was robustly associated with not meeting aerobic guidelines (OR 2.20, 95% CI: 1.17 to 4.16). BMI and breast cancer treatment history are key determinants of PA behavior among cancer prevention patients and survivors. Poor adherence to PA guidelines is a key issue for cancer prevention patients and survivors, particularly obese patients and women who receive multimodal therapy for breast cancer. Identifying and connecting patients at highest risk of poor PA adherence with exercise programs is needed to improve PA, a key modifiable cancer risk factor

Development and validation of a rapid and robust method to determine visceral adipose tissue volume using computed tomography images

<div><p>Background</p><p>Visceral adiposity is a risk factor for many chronic diseases. Existing methods to quantify visceral adipose tissue volume using computed tomographic (CT) images often use a single slice, are manual, and are time consuming, making them impractical for large population studies. We developed and validated a method to accurately, rapidly, and robustly measure visceral adipose tissue volume using CT images.</p><p>Methods</p><p>In-house software, Medical Executable for the Efficient and Robust Quantification of Adipose Tissue (MEERQAT), was developed to calculate visceral adipose tissue volume using a series of CT images within a manually identified region of interest. To distinguish visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, ellipses are drawn through the rectus abdominis and transverse abdominis using manual and automatic processes. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes are calculated by counting the numbers of voxels corresponding to adipose tissue in the region of interest. MEERQAT’s ellipse interpolation method was validated by comparing visceral adipose volume from 10 patients’ CT scans with corresponding results from manually delineated scans. Accuracy of visceral adipose quantification was tested using a phantom consisting of animal fat and tissues. Robustness of the method was tested by determining intra-observer and inter-observer coefficients of variation (CV).</p><p>Results</p><p>The mean difference in visceral adipose tissue volume between manual and elliptical delineation methods was -0.54 ± 4.81%. In the phantom, our measurement differed from the known adipose volume by ≤ 7.5% for all scanning parameters. Mean inter-observer CV for visceral adipose tissue volume was 0.085, and mean intra-observer CV for visceral adipose tissue volume was 0.059.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>We have developed and validated a robust method of accurately and quickly determining visceral adipose tissue volume in any defined region of interest using CT imaging.</p></div

Feasibility and acceptability of an mHealth, home-based exercise intervention in colorectal cancer survivors: A pilot randomized controlled trial

Objective To determine the feasibility and acceptability of an mHealth, home-based exercise intervention among stage II-III colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors within 5-years post-resection and adjuvant therapy. Methods This pilot randomized controlled trial of a 12-week mHealth, home-based exercise intervention, randomly assigned CRC survivors to a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) prescription. The following assessments were carried out at baseline and end-of-study (EOS): handgrip strength, short physical performance battery (SPPB), PROMIS physical function, neuropathy total symptom score-6 (NTSS-6), Utah early neuropathy scale (UENS), cardiopulmonary exercise testing, anthropometrics, and body composition via BOD POD, modified Godin leisure-time activity questionnaire. Feasibility, as defined by number of completed prescribed workouts and rate of adherence to individualized heart rate (HR) training zones, was evaluated at EOS. Acceptability was assessed by open-ended surveys at EOS. Descriptive statistics were generated for participant characteristics and assessment data. Results Seven participants were included in this pilot study (MICE: n = 5, HIIT: n = 2). Median age was 39 years (1st quartile: 36, 3rd quartile: 50). BMI was 27.4 kg/m2 (1st quartile: 24.5, 3rd quartile: 29.7). Most participants had stage III CRC (71%, n = 5). We observed an 88.6% workout completion rate, 100% retention rate, no adverse events, and qualitative data indicating improved quality of life and positive feedback related to ease of use, accountability, motivation, and autonomy. Mean adherence to HR training zones was 95.7% in MICE, and 28.9% for the high-intensity intervals and 51.0% for the active recovery intervals in HIIT; qualitative results revealed that participants wanted to do more/work-out harder. Conclusion An mHealth, home-based delivered exercise intervention, including a HIIT prescription, among stage II-III CRC survivors’ post-resection and adjuvant therapy was tolerable and showed trends towards acceptability