Clinical aspects of sentinel node biopsy

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy requires validation by a backup axillary dissection in a defined series of cases before becoming standard practice, to establish individual and institutional success rates and the frequency of false negative results. At least 90% success in finding the SLN with no more than 5-10% false negative results is a reasonable goal for surgeons and institutions learning the technique. A combination of isotope and dye to map the SLN is probably superior to either method used alone, yet a wide variety of technical variations in the procedure have produced a striking similarity of results. Most breast cancer patients are suitable for SLN biopsy, and the large majority reported to date has had clinical stage T1-2N0 invasive breast cancers. SLN biopsy will play a growing role in patients having prophylactic mastectomy, and in those with 'high-risk' duct carcinoma in situ, microinvasive cancers, T3 disease, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. SLN biopsy for the first time makes enhanced pathologic analysis of lymph nodes logistically feasible, at once allowing greater staging accuracy and less morbidity than standard methods. Retrospective data suggest that micrometastases identified in this way are prognostically significant, and prospective clinical trials now accruing promise a definitive answer to this issue

The CPLEAR detector at CERN

The CPLEAR collaboration has constructed a detector at CERN for an extensive programme of CP-, T- and CPT-symmetry studies using ${\rm K}^0$ and $\bar{\rm K}^0$ produced by the annihilation of $\bar{\rm p}$'s in a hydrogen gas target. The ${\rm K}^0$ and $\bar{\rm K}^0$ are identified by their companion products of the annihilation ${\rm K}^{\pm} \pi^{\mp}$ which are tracked with multiwire proportional chambers, drift chambers and streamer tubes. Particle identification is carried out with a liquid Cherenkov detector for fast separation of pions and kaons and with scintillators which allow the measurement of time of flight and energy loss. Photons are measured with a lead/gas sampling electromagnetic calorimeter. The required antiproton annihilation modes are selected by fast online processors using the tracking chamber and particle identification information. All the detectors are mounted in a 0.44 T uniform field of an axial solenoid of diameter 2 m and length 3.6 m to form a magnetic spectrometer capable of full on-line reconstruction and selection of events. The design, operating parameters and performance of the sub-detectors are described.

Penyakit telinga, hidung dan tenggorokan : penuntun untuk diagnosis dan penatalaksanaan/ Cody

xiv, 437 hal.; ill.; 27 cm

Penyakit telinga, hidung dan tenggorokan : penuntun untuk diagnosis dan penatalaksanaan/ Cody

xiv, 437 hal.; ill.; 27 cm

Penyakit telinga, hidung dan tenggorokan : penuntun untuk diagnosis dan penatalaksanaan/ Cody

xiv, 437 hal.; ill.; 27 cm

Penyakit telinga, hidung dan tenggorokan : penuntun untuk diagnosis dan penatalaksanaan/ Cody

xiv, 437 hal.; ill.; 27 cm

Penyakit telinga, hidung dan tenggorokan : penuntun untuk diagnosis dan penatalaksanaan/ Cody

xiv, 437 hal.; ill.; 27 cm

Penyakit telinga, hidung dan tenggorokan : penuntun untuk diagnosis dan penatalaksanaan/ Cody

xiv, 437 hal.; ill.; 27 cm