Potential value of the current mental health monitoring of children in state care in England

Background: Routine screening to identify mental health problems in English looked-after children has been conducted since 2009 using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Aims: To investigate the degree to which data collection achieves screening aims (identifying scale of problem, having an impact on mental health) and the potential analytic value of the data set. Method: Department for Education data (2009–2017) were used to examine: aggregate, population-level trends in SDQ scores in 4/5- to 16/17-year-olds; representativeness of the SDQ sample; attrition in this sample. Results: Mean SDQ scores (around 50% ‘abnormal’ or ‘borderline’) were stable over 9 years. Levels of missing data were high (25–30%), as was attrition (28% retained for 4 years). Cross-sectional SDQ samples were not representative and longitudinal samples were biased. Conclusions: Mental health screening appears justified and the data set has research potential, but the English screening programme falls short because of missing data and inadequate referral routes for those with difficulties

Platinum group elements: indicators of sulfide saturation in intermediate to felsic magmatic systems and implications for porphyry deposit formation

Sulfide saturation during the magmatic evolution of porphyry systems is emerging as an important control on the fertility of magmas with respect to the chalcophile elements. Platinum group elements (PGE) have extreme sulfide melt-silicate melt partition coefficients that make them sensitive indicators of the timing of sulfide saturation in evolving magmatic systems. This study reports PGE and Re concentrations, measured using a NiS fire assay isotope dilution technique, of three igneous suites: 1) the El Abra porphyry Cu deposit, Chile; 2) the Grasberg-Ertsberg porphyry-skarn Cu-Au district, Papua, Indonesia: and 3) Mt. Taranaki, a young stratovolcano in New Zealand. The El Abra and Grasberg samples allow direct comparison between a Cu-only and a Cu-Au porphyry system, whereas, Mt. Taranaki samples were analysed to investigate sulfide saturation in an active magmatic system with no known associated porphyry deposit. The El Abra results show a rapid drop in Pt and Pd abundances, which is indicative of sulfide saturation, at ca. 2.5 wt. % MgO. However, at El Abra a porphyry Cu deposit was still able to form because the amount of sulfide melt that formed was small, stripping the magma of Au and PGE but not significant Cu. In contrast the Grasberg PGE results suggest that sulfide saturation did not occur during magmatic evolution of the intrusions, and so Cu, Au, and PGE were concentrated by fractional crystallisation and then partitioned into the mineralising fluid. Sulfide saturation has a first order influence on both the availability of the chalcophile elements to partition into the hydrothermal ore-fluid phase and the type of porphyry mineralisation that forms, i.e. Cu, Cu-Au, or Cu-Au-(Pd). The PGE concentrations of the Mt. Taranaki samples indicate that sulfide saturation occurred at ca. 4 wt. % MgO during the evolution of the Taranaki magmatic system. If sulfide saturation of the developing Taranaki magmas persists with each new magmatic episode then the oxidation state of the magmas, the amount of sulfide melt that forms, and the timing with respect to saturation of volatile phases will influence any future porphyry mineralisation. To compliment the PGE analyses of the Grasberg-Ertsberg samples, Th disequilibrium corrected 238U-206Pb ages of zircons from the intrusions were determined by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The ages range from 2.8 to 3.6 Ma and indicate that the duration of magmatism of the Grasberg-Ertsberg intrusions was ca. 730 ± 50 k.y

Platinum-group element geochemistry of the Forest Reef Volcanics, southeastern Australia: Implications for porphyry Au-Cu mineralisation

Platinum-group element concentrations in felsic to intermediate rocks from the Forest Reef Volcanics, Cadia-Neville region, southeastern Australia have been analysed by the Ni-S fire assay-isotope dilution method. The Forest Reef Volcanics are shoshonitic to calc-alkaline in composition and fractionated to produce a wide range of compositions, with MgO varying between 9.7 and 1.8 wt.%. The interest in this suite is that it is coeval with Au-Cu porphyry-style mineralisation in the Cadia mineral district. This study uses PGE geochemistry to determine the timing of sulfide saturation, relative to volatile (ore-fluid) saturation, in the magma that gave rise to the Forest Reef Volcanics and, in turn, to assess how this timing affected the mineralisation potential of the evolving magmatic system. The Forest Reef Volcanics can be subdivided, on the basis of their contrasting PGE geochemistry, into high-Mg (>6.8 wt.% MgO) and low-Mg suites (≤6.8 wt.% MgO). Platinum, Pd and Re concentrations increase in the high-Mg samples, whereas Ir and Ru decrease and Rh concentrations remain steady, with decreasing MgO. The coupled Ir, Ru and Rh depletion is attributed to the partitioning of these elements into magnetite. The rate of Pt and Pd enrichment is not possible by closed-system fractional crystallisation alone, which suggests that the parent magma was replenished by a Pt-Pd-rich melt. In contrast, the PGE concentrations in the low-Mg samples decrease with decreasing MgO indicating the onset of sulfide saturation at 6.8 wt.% MgO, which is confirmed by the presence of spheroidal sulfide inclusions in liquidus crystals (i.e. clinopyroxene, plagioclase, magnetite). The rate of Pd depletion is appreciably less than for any other sulfide saturated felsic system for which data are available. This requires either that the amount of sulfide melt to have precipitated was unusually low, or that the rate of Pd depletion was limited by the mass of silicate melt the sulfide melt reached equilibrium with, or both. In any event, the fraction of sulfide melt that precipitated was too small to have had a significant effect on the Cu and Au content of the magma so that both Cu and Au were available to enter the ore-forming fluid when the magma became volatile saturated at, or shortly after, it reached ca. 2.9 wt.% MgO.This research was funded by a Newcrest Mining LTD Grant to Ian Campbell

Sulfide saturation in evolving porphyry systems: El Abra porphyry Cu deposit, northern Chile, and the Grasberg-Ertsberg porphyry-skarn Cu-Au district, Papua, Indonesia

Sulfide saturation during the magmatic evolution of porphyry systems is emerging as an important control on chalcophile element fertility. Platinum group elements (PGE) have extreme sulfide melt-silicate melt partition coefficients that make them sensitive indicators of the timing of sulfide saturation in an evolving magmatic system. We report PGE and Re concentrations of intrusions from the Grasberg-Ertsberg porphyry-skarn Cu-Au district, Papua, Indonesia. Unaltered to weakly altered samples contain up to 0.023 ppb Rh, 5.5 ppb Pt, 11.6 ppb Pd and 162 ppb Re. The most altered and/or mineralized samples typically contain greater concentrations; up to 0.065 ppb Rh, 17.6 ppb Pt, 95 ppb Pd and 218 ppb Re. The results suggest that sulfide saturation did not occur during magmatic evolution of the intrusions, and so Cu, Au, and PGE were concentrated by fractional crystallization and partitioned into the mineralizing fluid. These findings contrast with the intrusions of the El Abra-Pajonal suite and porphyry Cu deposit, Chile, where a rapid drop in Pt and Pd abundance indicates that sulfide saturation started before ore-fluid saturation. However, at El Abra, a porphyry Cu deposit was still able to form because the amount of sulfide melt that formed was small, stripping the magma of most of its Au and PGE but little Cu. Sulfide saturation therefore has a governing control over both the availability of the chalcophile elements to partition into the hydrothermal ore-fluid phase and the type of porphyry mineralization that can form, i.e. Cu, Cu-Au, or Cu-Au-(Pd)

P–T conditions of metamorphic and hydrothermal events at Tick Hill Gold Deposit, Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia

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Miscellaneous Rheumatic Diseases [73-83]: 73. Is There a Delay in Specialist Referral of Hot Swollen Joint?

Background: Patients with acute, hot, swollen joints commonly present to general practitioners, emergency departments and/or acute admitting teams rather than directly to rheumatology. It is imperative to consider septic arthritis in the differential diagnosis of these patients. The British Society of Rheumatology (BSR) has produced guidelines for the management of this condition, which include recommendations for early specialist referral and joint aspiration of all patients with suspected septic arthritis. We examined whether the initial management of patients with acute hot swollen joint(s) at University College London Hospital (UCLH) follows BSR guidelines. Methods: For the period Feb to Nov 2009, appropriate patients were identified by searching the UCLH database using the diagnostic terms, "pyogenic arthritis”, "septic arthritis” and "gout”; and from all joint aspirate requests sent to microbiology. Medical notes were obtained and any patients who had elective arthroscopies or chronic (> 6 weeks) symptoms were excluded. Data were collected on the time taken from the onset of symptoms to specialist (orthopaedic/rheumatology) referral and joint aspiration, collection of blood cultures and antibiotic treatment with or without microbiology advice. Results: Twenty patients were identified with hot swollen (18 monoarticular, 3 prosthetic) joint(s) of < 2 weeks duration. Of whom, 3/20 (15%) were admitted directly to rheumatology, 7/20 (35%) to the acute admissions unit, 3/20 (15%) to orthopaedic, 4/20 (20%) to a medical team and 1/20 (5%) to general surgery. In 19 (95%) cases, specialist (rheumatology/orthopaedic) advice was sought. Of 14 cases not seen directly by specialists 9 (64%) were referred at 24-48 h and 5 (36%) at 48-192 h. All 20 patients had joint aspiration. In 9/20 (45%) of cases, joint aspiration was performed in less than 6 h, 3/20 (15%) cases at 6-24h and 6/20 (30%) cases at 24-192 h and was not recorded in two patients. Of these, crystals were identified in two and one was culture positive. Blood cultures were received for only 6/20 (30%) of cases and only clearly documented to have been taken prior to antibiotic therapy and none were positive. Of 14/20 (70%) started on antibiotic treatment empirically, only 6 (42%) were preceded by joint aspiration. In the 6 patients not treated with antibiotics due to low index of suspicion of septic arthritis, synovial fluid and blood cultures were negative. Microbiology advice was sought in 10/20 (50%) of cases by the admitting teams but the timing of this advice is unclear. Conclusions: Despite the provision of 24 h rheumatology and orthopaedic cover at UCLH, we found a significant delay in acute medical firms seeking specialist advice on the management of patients with acute, hot swollen joints with subsequent deviation from BSR guidelines. Consequently, we plan to increase awareness of these guidelines amongst medical firms at UCLH. Disclosure statement: All authors have declared no conflicts of interes

Whitelands College, John Ruskin and the Education of Women 1850 to 1900.

This thesis explores the relationship between John Ruskin and Whitelands college, and seeks to determine the extent of his influence there. The background issues concerning gender in Victorian society are examined in terms of the effect of social class on the education and employment aspirations of women. The public concerns raised over the detrimental effect education might have on women's health and their traditional role within the family are also discussed. The plight of 'surplus' middle-class women prompted the introduction of secondary and higher education for females. Whitelands college is studied in detail to determine the impact these debates and developments had on a teacher training college between 1850-1900. As well as examining its management and staffing, the college is studied from a student perspective in terms of recruitment, curriculum, health issues, discipline and ethos. The importance of domestic work for schoolmistresses is also highlighted. The appointment of Rev. John Faunthorpe played a fundamental role in the successful development of both the academic and pastoral life of the college. It was Faunthorpe's letter to Ruskin that began his relationship with Whitelands. Ruskin is introduced in the context of his prolific writing and public notoriety. Some of his views are what we might expect, while others seem eccentric, and he appears an unlikely patron of Whitelands. Ruskin's previous involvement with Winnington school is explored as a comparison to Whitelands. The development of Ruskin's relationship with Whitelands is examined in detail through his letters. Ruskin's patronage fostered a distinctive ethos and sense of community within the college. His influence was evident in the decoration of the college chapel, his gifts of educational material and inherent in the message of the May Queen festival he inaugurated

Whitelands College, John Ruskin and the Education of Women 1850 to 1900.

This thesis explores the relationship between John Ruskin and Whitelands college, and seeks to determine the extent of his influence there. The background issues concerning gender in Victorian society are examined in terms of the effect of social class on the education and employment aspirations of women. The public concerns raised over the detrimental effect education might have on women's health and their traditional role within the family are also discussed. The plight of 'surplus' middle-class women prompted the introduction of secondary and higher education for females. Whitelands college is studied in detail to determine the impact these debates and developments had on a teacher training college between 1850-1900. As well as examining its management and staffing, the college is studied from a student perspective in terms of recruitment, curriculum, health issues, discipline and ethos. The importance of domestic work for schoolmistresses is also highlighted. The appointment of Rev. John Faunthorpe played a fundamental role in the successful development of both the academic and pastoral life of the college. It was Faunthorpe's letter to Ruskin that began his relationship with Whitelands. Ruskin is introduced in the context of his prolific writing and public notoriety. Some of his views are what we might expect, while others seem eccentric, and he appears an unlikely patron of Whitelands. Ruskin's previous involvement with Winnington school is explored as a comparison to Whitelands. The development of Ruskin's relationship with Whitelands is examined in detail through his letters. Ruskin's patronage fostered a distinctive ethos and sense of community within the college. His influence was evident in the decoration of the college chapel, his gifts of educational material and inherent in the message of the May Queen festival he inaugurated

Social work with lesbians & gay men

Social Work with Lesbians and Gay Men provides social workers and other professionals with an overview of a number of key challenges and concerns that play a significant part in the lives of lesbians and gay men. Despite positive changes in legislation, social work can still fail to meet the needs of lesbians and gay men, and remains a marginalized area in practice, research and teaching. This book promotes an understanding of these issues and proposes ideas for social work practice that are inclusive of lesbians and gay men in assessment and the provision of services. The book clearly links knowledge and practice and is structured in such a way so that theories relevant to social work practices with lesbians and gay men are covered before specific areas of practice are addressed. Key topics include the historical, legal, policy and theoretical context, a reappraisal of anti-discriminatory practice, religion, family and kinship, relationship-based social work, social work with adults, mental health and children and families

Sulfide saturation during the magmatic evolution of porphyry Cu ± Au systems

Why some porphyry deposits are Cu-only whilst others are Cu-Au or even Cu-Au-Pd remains unresolved but sulfide saturation during the magmatic evolution of porphyry systems is emerging as an important control of magma fertility with respect to chalcophile elements. Platinum group elements (PGE) have extreme sulfide melt-silicate melt partition coefficients that make them sensitive indicators of the timing of sulfide saturation in an evolving magmatic system. We compare PGE and Re concentrations of intrusions from the El Abra porphyry Cu deposit, Chile, and the Grasberg-Ertsberg porphyry-skarn Cu-Au district, Papua, Indonesia. The El Abra results show a rapid drop in Pt and Pd abundances, which is indicative of sulfide saturation [1]. However, El Abra was still able to form a porphyry Cu deposit because the amount of sulfide melt that formed was small, stripping the magma of Au and PGE but not significant Cu [1]. In contrast the Grasberg PGE results suggest that sulfide saturation did not occur during magmatic evolution of the intrusions, and so Cu, Au, and PGE were concentrated by fractional crystallization and partitioned into the mineralizing fluid. Sulfide saturation has a first order influence on both the availability of the chalcophile elements to the hydrothermal ore-fluid phase and the type of porphyry mineralization that forms, i.e. Cu, Cu-Au, or Cu-Au-(Pd)