¿Cuánto de difícil es la enseñanza de la epidemiología?

La epidemiología es una herramienta de trabajo en el campo de las ciencias de la salud, dirigida al análisis de la frecuencia / distribución de eventos en salud, factores que lo producen y mejoras en las estrategias diagnósticas / terapéuticas. La epidemiología, es contenido de la asignatura de Salud Pública, que se imparte a los alumnos de la licenciatura / grado de farmacia, de la Universidad de Alcalá. Se analiza la metodología utilizada para la enseñanza de este módulo, durante el curso académico 2013/2014, consistente en clases de 50 minutos, en donde: previo al inicio del módulo, los alumnos tienen disponible todas las clases teóricas y un ejercicio práctico con los enunciados y las respuestas en blanco. El día de clase, se comienza con el ejercicio real práctico escrito en pizarra, a la vez que escriben en su ejercicio, explicando a la vez la parte teórica y sus conceptos. Para el análisis se utiliza encuesta anónima, a realizar en 10 minutos, sin previo aviso, tras 7 días de finalización del módulo. Los resultados, ponen de manifiesto que el 90 % de los encuestados, están de acuerdo con la metodología utilizada, siendo la dificultad normal (rango: fácil, normal, difícil)

Los alumnos de ciencias ambientales ¿disponen de habilidades para la investigación?

La investigación en Ciencias Ambientales, requiere de conocimientos de Estadística y epidemiología. En la Universidad de Alcalá, la estadística y epidemiología (incluido en la asignatura: toxicología Ambiental y salud Pública), disponen de 6 créditos. El objetivo del estudio, es conocer habilidades para elaborar un proyecto de investigación en Ciencias Ambientales, en alumnos de 2º Curso .Universidad de Alcalá durante 2014-2015. Se diseña una encuesta, con 15 preguntas abiertas, con carácter anónimo, que responden previamente al iniciar la práctica. Los resultados: Índice de participación en la encuesta: 100%. Escasa intronización entre investigación en Ciencias Ambientales y la aplicación en la salud de las poblaciones humanas. Conocimiento e interpretación adecuada del método científico. El concepto de epidemiología aplicada a la salud humana, se relacionan mayoritariamente, con epidemias por enfermedades infecto contagiosas, obviando las patologías crónicas humanas, en relación al medio ambiente. Desconocimiento en algunos conceptos estadísticos. Correcto manejo de búsquedas bibliográficas. Conclusión: Los alumnos presentan correctas habilidades para el desarrollo de proyectos de investigación, debiendo enfatizar más aún en conceptos de método estadístico y epidemiológico

Evaluación de una metodología docente en un módulo de epidemiología

La epidemiología es una herramienta de trabajo en el campo de las ciencias de la salud, dirigida al análisis de la frecuencia / distribución de eventos en salud, factores que lo producen y mejoras en las estrategias diagnósticas y terapéuticas. La epidemiología, es un contenido de la asignatura de Salud Pública, que se imparte a los alumnos de la licenciatura / grado de farmacia, de la Universidad de Alcalá. Se analiza la metodología que he utilizado para la enseñanza de este módulo, consistente en clases de 50 minutos, en donde : previo al inicio del módulo, los alumnos tienen disponible todas las clases teóricas y un ejercicio práctico con los enunciados y las respuestas en blanco. El día de la clase, se comienza con el ejercicio real práctico escrito en la pizarra, a la vez que escriben en su ejercicio, explicando a la vez la parte teórica y sus conceptos. Para el análisis se utiliza encuesta anónima, a realizar en 10 minutos, sin previo aviso y tras 7 días de finalización del módulo. Los resultados, ponen de manifiesto que el 90 % de los encuestados, están de acuerdo con la metodología. La mayoría refiere muy útil, la escritura en pizarra

Epidemiología de enfermedades transmisibles. Evaluación

Las enfermedades infecciosas, analizan la frecuencia/distribución; factores que las producen, morbimortalidad, costes sanitarios, y estrategias comunitarias. La epidemiología y prevención de las enfermedades transmisibles es unidad temática, de la asignatura de Salud Pública, grado de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá. Se estudia el grado de acuerdo de la unidad temática. La metodología utilizada consiste en clases de 50 minutos: previo al inicio de la unidad, los alumnos disponen del contenido de teoría y ejercicio práctico enunciados /respuestas en blanco. En clase, con el ejercicio práctico escrito en la pizarra, responde al mismo, a la vez que se explica teoría. Se utiliza encuesta anónima, a realizar en 10 minutos, sin previo aviso y tras 7 días de finalización del módulo. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que el 90 % de los encuestados están de acuerdo con la metodología utilizada

Clasificación y conteo vehícular mediante análisis de imágenes.

This work proposes an algorithm capable of analyzing a video sample (recording) or video in real-time of vehicular traffic, the final model is capable of differentiating, classifying, and counting 3 types of vehicles using fundamental concepts of artificial intelligence and computer vision, with open-source libraries; TensorFlow for the artificial intelligence and OpenCV for the computer vision. The methodology used can be fundamentally separated into three steps; data acquisition (creating an own database with models of vehicles that travel in the points of the city used for this project), the development of the network (based on a network model known as AlexNet, a convolutional neural network widely used in projects for image classification with proven and reliable results) and finally the information processing (with a final subroutine, through which the images of moving objects detected in the video are extracted to count later and classify them according to type). The results obtained are above ninety percent effective if contrasted with manual methodologies, these results have been analyzed in different cases separated by time: in the morning, in the afternoon, and at night; where even though the luminosity and the vehicular flow change, it is concluded that the model is robust and can be taken to production in the private or public industry.Este trabajo propone un algoritmo capaz de analizar una muestra de video (grabación) o video en tiempo real del tránsito vehicular, el modelo final es capaz de diferenciar, clasificar y contar 3 tipos de vehículos utilizando conceptos fundamentales de inteligencia artificial y visión por computadora, con bibliotecas de código abierto; TensorFlow para la inteligencia artificial y OpenCV para la visión artificial. La metodología utilizada puede dividirse fundamentalmente en tres pasos; adquisición de datos (creando una base de datos propia con modelos de vehículos que transitan en los puntos de la ciudad utilizados para este proyecto), el desarrollo de la red (basado en un modelo de red conocido como AlexNet, una red neuronal convolucional muy utilizada en proyectos de imagen clasificación con resultados probados y confiables) y finalmente el procesamiento de la información (con una subrutina final, a través de la cual se extraen las imágenes de objetos en movimiento detectados en el video para luego contarlos y clasificarlos según su tipo). Los resultados obtenidos superan el noventa por ciento de efectividad si se contrastan con metodologías manuales, estos resultados han sido analizados en diferentes casos separados por horarios: por la mañana, por la tarde y por la noche; donde a pesar de que cambia la luminosidad y el flujo vehicular, se concluye que el modelo es robusto y puede ser llevado a producción en la industria privada o pública

Study of thermal and rheological properties of PLA loaded with carbon and halloysite nanotubes for additive manufacturing

[EN] Purpose This paper aims to propose using polylactic acid (PLA) as an alternative to nanocomposites in additive manufacturing processes in fusion deposition modelling (FDM) systems and describe its thermal and rheological conditions with multi-wall carbon nanotube (PLA/MWCNT) and halloysite nanotube (PLA/HNT) composites for possible applications in additive manufacturing processes. Design/methodology/approach PLA/MWCNTs and PLA/HNTs were obtained through fusion in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. PLA was mixed with different percentages of MWCNTs and HNTs at concentrations of 0.5 Wt.%, 0.75 Wt.% and 1 Wt.%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and capillary rheometry were used to characterise these products, together with an analysis of the melt flow index (MFI). Findings The DSC data revealed that the nanocomposites had a glass transition temperature T-g = 65 +/- 2 degrees C and a melting temperature T-m = 169 +/- 1 degrees C. The crystallisation temperature of PLA/MWCNTs and PLA/HNTs was between 107 +/- 2 degrees C and 129 degrees C, respectively. The viscosity data of PLA/MWCNTs and PLA/HNTs obtained by capillary rheometry indicated that the viscosity of the materials is the same as that of neat PLA. These results were confirmed by the higher fluidity index in the MFI analysis. Originality/value This paper presents an alternative for the applications of nanocomposites in additive manufacturing processes in FDM systems.Cobos, CM.; Garzón, L.; López-Martínez, J.; Fenollar, O.; Ferrándiz Bou, S. (2019). Study of thermal and rheological properties of PLA loaded with carbon and halloysite nanotubes for additive manufacturing. Rapid Prototyping Journal. 25(4):738-743. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-11-2018-0289S738743254Altınkaynak, A., Gupta, M., Spalding, M. A., & Crabtree, S. L. (2011). Melting in a Single Screw Extruder: Experiments and 3D Finite Element Simulations. International Polymer Processing, 26(2), 182-196. doi:10.3139/217.2419Berber, S. Kwon, Y.-K. and Tománek, D. (2000), “Unusually high thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes”, available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6595/44a005ba8d622c272d4bf737f12e26f8c415.pdf (accessed 23 February 2019).Carrasco, F., Pagès, P., Gámez-Pérez, J., Santana, O. O., & Maspoch, M. L. (2010). Processing of poly(lactic acid): Characterization of chemical structure, thermal stability and mechanical properties. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 95(2), 116-125. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.045Dong, Y., Chaudhary, D., Haroosh, H., & Bickford, T. (2011). Development and characterisation of novel electrospun polylactic acid/tubular clay nanocomposites. Journal of Materials Science, 46(18), 6148-6153. doi:10.1007/s10853-011-5605-6Ferri Azor, J.M., Balart Gimeno, R.A. and Fenollar Gimeno, O. (2017), Desarrollo de formulaciones derivadas de ácido poliláctico (PLA), mediante plastificación e incorporación de aditivos de origen natural, Doctoral Thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, Alcoy.Gao, Y., Picot, O. T., Bilotti, E., & Peijs, T. (2017). Influence of filler size on the properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) nanocomposites. European Polymer Journal, 86, 117-131. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.10.045Hamad, K., Kaseem, M., & Deri, F. (2011). Melt Rheology of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Low Density Polyethylene Polymer Blends. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 01(04), 208-214. doi:10.4236/aces.2011.14030Harris, A. M., & Lee, E. C. (2007). Improving mechanical performance of injection molded PLA by controlling crystallinity. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 107(4), 2246-2255. doi:10.1002/app.27261Kim, S. Y., Shin, K. S., Lee, S. H., Kim, K. W., & Youn, J. R. (2010). Unique crystallization behavior of multi-walled carbon nanotube filled poly(lactic acid). Fibers and Polymers, 11(7), 1018-1023. doi:10.1007/s12221-010-1018-4Li, T., Turng, L.-S., Gong, S., & Erlacher, K. (2006). Polylactide, nanoclay, and core–shell rubber composites. Polymer Engineering & Science, 46(10), 1419-1427. doi:10.1002/pen.20629López, J., Navarro, R., Gallego, J. M., Parres, F., & Ferrandiz, S. (2009). Analysis weld seam weak in blow molding large parts made of commodity plastics. Engineering Failure Analysis, 16(3), 856-862. doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2008.07.007Murariu, M., & Dubois, P. (2016). PLA composites: From production to properties. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 107, 17-46. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.003Richard, T. (2008), “Preparación y caracterización de nanocompuestos en base PLA”, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. available at: http://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2099.1/4791 (accessed 26 July 2017).Singh, V. P., Vimal, K. K., Kapur, G. S., Sharma, S., & Choudhary, V. (2016). High-density polyethylene/halloysite nanocomposites: morphology and rheological behaviour under extensional and shear flow. Journal of Polymer Research, 23(3). doi:10.1007/s10965-016-0937-1Song, Y., Li, Y., Song, W., Yee, K., Lee, K.-Y., & Tagarielli, V. L. (2017). Measurements of the mechanical response of unidirectional 3D-printed PLA. Materials & Design, 123, 154-164. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2017.03.051Suriñach, S., Baro, M.D., Bordas, S., Clavaguera, N. and Clavaguera-mora, M.T. (1992), “La calorimetría diferencial de barrido y su aplicación a la ciencia de materiales”, Vol. 31, available at: http://boletines.secv.es/upload/199231011.pdf (accessed: 26 July 2017).Wu, W., Cao, X., Zhang, Y., & He, G. (2013). Polylactide/halloysite nanotube nanocomposites: Thermal, mechanical properties, and foam processing. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 130(1), 443-452. doi:10.1002/app.39179Yuan, P., Tan, D., & Annabi-Bergaya, F. (2015). Properties and applications of halloysite nanotubes: recent research advances and future prospects. Applied Clay Science, 112-113, 75-93. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2015.05.00

Subjective quality assessment of multichannel audio accompanied with video in representative broadcasting genres

Immersive broadcasting applications have received a lot of attention in the last years. In this context, the development of advanced HDTV and 3DTV formats is being successfully adopted by the consumer market, having a strong impact in the way that traditional broadcasting contents are displayed to final users. Together with the above advances in video technology, multichannel spatial audio has also experienced a considerable impulse within the audiovisual industry. However, the need for specific production tools and loudspeaker setups corresponding to multiple competing audio formats seems to be an important factor affecting their adoption by the consumer community. Moreover, it is well-known that the perceived audio quality is highly influenced by the reproduction context, where the existing multimodal interaction between audio and video plays a very important role. This paper presents a formal evaluation of the perceived sound quality provided by several spatial audio formats accompanied with video in the context of television broadcasting. Stereo, advanced surround formats and 3D Binaural sound are evaluated considering a set of representative broadcasting contents (sports, movies, music and animation) to assess their impact on the perceptual attributes contemplated within the international recommendations.The Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER supported this work under the projects TEC2012-37945- 1091 C02- 01/02.Cobos Serrano, M.; López Monfort, JJ.; Navarro Ruiz, JM.; Ramos Peinado, G. (2015). Subjective quality assessment of multichannel audio accompanied with video in representative broadcasting genres. Multimedia Systems. 21(4):363-379. doi:10.1007/s00530-013-0340-2S363379214Apostolopoulos, J., Chou, P., Culbertson, B., Kalker, T., Trott, M., Wee, S.: The road to immersive communication. Proc. IEEE 100(4), 974–990 (2012). doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2011.2182069Huang, Y., Chen, J., Benesty, J.: Immersive audio schemes. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 28(1), 20–32 (2011). doi: 10.1109/MSP.2010.938754Huynh-Thu, Q., Barkowsky, M., Le Callet, P.: The importance of visual attention in improving the 3D-TV viewing experience: overview and new perspectives. IEEE Trans. Broadcast. 57(2), 421–431 (2011). doi: 10.1109/TBC.2011.2128250Wang, K., Barkowsky, M., Brunnstrom, K., Sjostrom, M., Cousseau, R., Le Callet, P.: Perceived 3D TV transmission quality assessment: multi-laboratory results using absolute category rating on quality of experience scale. IEEE Trans. Broadcast. PP(99), 1 (2012). doi: 10.1109/TBC.2012.2191031Zhang, L., Vazquez, C., Knorr, S.: 3D-TV content creation: automatic 2D-to-3D video conversion. IEEE Trans. Broadcast. 57(2), 372–383 (2011). doi: 10.1109/TBC.2011.2122930Kyriakakis, C., Tsakalides, P., Holman, T.: Surrounded by sound. IEEE Signal Process. 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Istanbul, Turkey (2008)Zielinski, S., Rumsey, F., Bech, S.: Subjective audio quality trade-offs in consumer multichannel audio-visual delivery systems. Part I: Effects of high frequency limitation. In: Proceedings of the AES 112th Convention. Munich, Germany (2002)Bech, S., Zacharov, N.: Perceptual audio evaluation—theory, method and application. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (2006)Brotherton, M.D., Huynh-Thu, Q., Hands, D.S., Brunnstrom, K.: Subjective multimedia quality assessment. IEICE Trans. Fundam. Electron. Commun. Comput. Sci. E89-A(11), 2920–2932 (2006)Jumisko-Pyykkö, S., Hakkinen, J., Nyman, G.: Experienced quality factors—qualitative evaluation approach to audiovisual quality. In: Proceedings of 19th SPIE Annual Symposium on Electronic Imaging. San Jose, California, USA (2007)Recommendation ITU-R BS.775-1: Multichannel Stereophonic Sound System With and Without Accompanying Picture. 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Barcelona, Spain (2005)Theile, G., Wittek, H.: Principles in surround recordings with height. In: Proceedings of the 130th AES Convention. London, UK (2011)Dolby ProLogic IIz. http://www.dolby.com/ . Accessed 05 July 2012Kim, S., Lee, Y.W., Pulkki, V.: New 10.2-channel vertical surround system (10.2-VSS); comparison study of perceived audio quality in various multichannel sound systems with height loudspeakers. In: Proceedings of the 129th AES Convention. San Francisco, USA (2010)Algazi, V.R., Duda, R.Q.: Headphone-based spatial sound. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 28(1), 33–42 (2011)Moller, H., Sorensen, M.F., Jensen, C.B., Hammershoi, D.: Binaural technique: do we need individual recordings? J. Audio Eng. Soc. 44, 451–468 (1996)Jumisko-Pyykkö, S., Weitzel, M., Strohmeier, D.: Designing for user experience: what to expect from mobile 3D TV and video? In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Designing Interactive User Experiences for TV and Video (UXTV ’08). 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A Global Positioning System Used to Monitor the Physical Performance of Elite Beach Handball Referees in a Spanish Championship

Beach handball is a fully developed sporting discipline on all five continents which has attracted the attention of researchers in the last decade, resulting in a proliferation of different studies focusing on players but not on referees. The main objective of this cross-sectional research was to determine the physical demands on elite male beach handball referees in four different competitions: U18 male; U18 female; senior male; and senior female. Twelve elite federated male referees (age: 30.86 ± 8 years; body height: 175.72 ± 4.51 cm; body weight: 80.18 ± 17.99 kg; fat percentage: 20.1 ± 4.41%; national or international experience) belonging to the Technical Committee of the Royal Spanish Handball Federation were recruited for this the study. The physical demands required of referees in official matches were measured by installing a GPS device. The sampling frequency used to record their speed and distance was 15 Hz. A triaxial accelerometer (100 Hz) was used to determine their acceleration. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) between competitions with post hoc comparisons using the Bonferroni adjustment was used to compare among categories. A higher distance covered in zone 1 and speeds of 0 to 6 km-h−1 were recorded. Most accelerations and decelerations occurred in zones 0 and 1 (zone 0: 0 to 1 m·s−2; zone 1: 1 to 2 m·s−2). The lack of differences (p > 0.05) between most analysed variables suggest quite similar physical demands of the four analysed competitions. These results provide relevant information to design optimal training plans oriented to the real physical demands on referees in an official competition

El Uso de las Redes Sociales en la Educación y Promoción de la Salud. Una Experiencia de Empoderamiento Social en Nicaragua

Resumen:En este trabajo se presenta una experiencia de Educación para la Salud basada en el empoderamiento social y orientada a la mejora de las condiciones generales de salud de la población. Estuvo apoyada en redes sociales telemáticas y desarrollada, desde la Universidad, en la región de Chontales (Nicaragua). Para la investigación se han desarrollado grupos de discusión con docentes, estudiantes y líderes de opinión locales, que han colaborado activamente en diversas actividades propuestas de educación y promoción de la salud. Para el análisis de los datos se ha empleado el programa de análisis cualitativo Atlas.ti, creando previamente el sistema de categorías y posteriormente los diferentes códigos de análisis. El conjunto de conclusiones del estudio pone de manifiesto el consenso de los actores implicados sobre la utilidad y potencialidad de las redes sociales en la Educación para la Salud y el empoderamiento social, así como la necesidad y demanda explícita de una mayor formación específica y acceso a los recursos para poder conseguir un impacto social real. Abstract:This paper presents a Health Education experience based on social empowerment and aimed at improving the general health conditions of the population. It was supported in telematics social networks and developed, from the University, in the region of Chontales (Nicaragua). For the research, discussion groups have been developed with local teachers, students and opinion leaders, who have actively collaborated in various proposed education and health promotion activities. After creating the system of categories and the different codes of analysis, the qualitative analysis program Atlas.ti was used for the analysis of the data. The set of conclusions of the study shows the consensus of the actors involved on the utility and potential of social networks in Health Education and social empowerment, as well as the need and explicit demand for greater specific training and access to the required resources to achieve a real social impact

Albocycline Is the Main Bioactive Antifungal Compound Produced by Streptomyces sp. OR6 against Verticillium dahliae

[EN] Verticillium wilt is a soil-borne fungal disease that affects olive trees (Olea europaea) and poses a serious threat to their cultivation. The causal agent of this disease is Verticillium dahliae, a pathogen that is difficult to control with conventional methods. Therefore, there is a need to explore alternative strategies for the management of Verticillium wilt. In this study, we aimed to isolate and characterize actinobacteria from the rhizosphere of olive trees that could act as potential biocontrol agents against V. dahliae. We selected a Streptomyces sp. OR6 strain based on its in vitro antifungal activity and its ability to suppress the pathogen growth in soil samples. We identified the main active compound produced by this strain as albocycline, a macrolide polyketide with known antibacterial properties and some antifungal activity. Albocycline was able to efficiently suppress the germination of conidiospores. To our knowledge, this is the first report of albocycline as an effective agent against V. dahliae. Our results suggest that Streptomyces sp. OR6, or other albocycline-producing strains, could be used as a promising tool for the biological control of Verticillium wilt.SIThis research was funded by Rio Lacarón S.L. (La Garrovilla, Badajoz, Spain). Carla Calvo-Peña (EDU/601/2020) was supported by a predoctoral contract from the Junta de Castilla y León and the European Social Fund. Ana Ibañez was supported by a “Margarita Salas” modality postdoctoral grant (Reference no.: UP2021-025) through the University of León awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities within the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan (Modernization and digitalization of the Educational System), for which funding comes from the European Recovery Instrument European Union—NextGenerationE