A comparative genomics screen identifies a Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 sodM-like gene strongly expressed within host plant nodules

Background We have used the genomic data in the Integrated Microbial Genomes system of the Department of Energy’s Joint Genome Institute to make predictions about rhizobial open reading frames that play a role in nodulation of host plants. The genomic data was screened by searching for ORFs conserved in α-proteobacterial rhizobia, but not conserved in closely-related non-nitrogen-fixing α-proteobacteria. Results Using this approach, we identified many genes known to be involved in nodulation or nitrogen fixation, as well as several new candidate genes. We knocked out selected new genes and assayed for the presence of nodulation phenotypes and/or nodule-specific expression. One of these genes, SMc00911, is strongly expressed by bacterial cells within host plant nodules, but is expressed minimally by free-living bacterial cells. A strain carrying an insertion mutation in SMc00911 is not defective in the symbiosis with host plants, but in contrast to expectations, this mutant strain is able to out-compete the S. meliloti 1021 wild type strain for nodule occupancy in co-inoculation experiments. The SMc00911 ORF is predicted to encode a “SodM-like” (superoxide dismutase-like) protein containing a rhodanese sulfurtransferase domain at the N-terminus and a chromate-resistance superfamily domain at the C-terminus. Several other ORFs (SMb20360, SMc01562, SMc01266, SMc03964, and the SMc01424-22 operon) identified in the screen are expressed at a moderate level by bacteria within nodules, but not by free-living bacteria. Conclusions Based on the analysis of ORFs identified in this study, we conclude that this comparative genomics approach can identify rhizobial genes involved in the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with host plants, although none of the newly identified genes were found to be essential for this process

Molecular signalization in Frankia-alder symbiosis

L'azote est essentiel au développement de toutes les cellules vivantes. Il est un des facteurs limitant de la croissance végétale. La seule source d'azote abondante est l'atmosphère contenant 80 % de diazote mais cette forme n'est assimilable que par certains procaryotes. Ces microorganismes sont capables de fixer l'azote atmosphérique sous leur forme libre ou en symbiose avec des plantes. Ainsi, ils fournissent à leur plante partenaire des substrats azotés, sous forme d'ammoniaque, tandis qu'en retour celle-ci fournit à la bactérie des substrats carbonés issus de sa photosynthèse. Il s'agit d'une association à bénéfices réciproques. Il existe deux grands types de symbiose fixatrice d'azote : la symbiose rhizobienne, impliquant diverses Protéobactéries et la symbiose actinorhizienne impliquant une Actinobactérie, Frankia. Les bactéries pénètrent les cellules des plantes pour former un nouvel organe, la nodosité dans laquelle va avoir lieu la fixation d'azote. Les bases moléculaires à l'origine de la symbiose rhizobienne sont très bien caractérisées tandis que celles de la symbiose actinorhizienne restent en grande partie inconnue, de par l'absence d'outils génétiques. Toutefois, les premières étapes de mise en place de la symbiose présentent des similarités. Les deux bactéries sont capables d'induire la déformation du poil racinaire en sécrétant un facteur déformant, le facteur Nod pour la plupart des symbioses rhizobiennes et un facteur encore non caractérisé dans le cas de la symbiose actinorhizienne. La problématique de mes travaux de thèse est de savoir si le dialogue moléculaire s'établissant entre la plante et la bactérie est basé sur des composants universels. Ce travail a utilisé deux approches. Une approche ciblée visait à mettre en évidence la fonction. Une approche non-ciblée par le biais des puces transcriptomiques chez Frankia a permis de comparer l'expression génétique entre des conditions de vie libre et des conditions de vie symbiotique. Enfin, une dernière approche a concerné les composés aromatiques chez Frankia. Il s'agissait d'établir si Frankia était capable de cataboliser différents composés aromatiques. En effet, beaucoup d'entre eux sont impliqués dans les interactions plante-bactérie, notamment dans les réactions de défense de la planteNitrogen is essential for cells development. It's one of the limiting factors of plant growth. The only abundant source of this component is the atmosphere which contains 80 % of dinitrogen, but this form can only be assimilated by some prokaryotes. These microorganisms are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen under freeliving condition or in symbiosis with some plants. Thus, they provide nitrogen substrates to the plant in the form of ammonium, and in return the plant provides carbon substrates from photosynthesis. It is an association with reciprocal profits for both partners. There are two major nitrogen-fixing symbioses: rhizobial symbiosis, which involves various Proteobacteria and actinorhizal symbiosis, which involves the Actinobacterium, Frankia. Bacteria enter plant root cells and develop a new organ, the nodule where nitrogen fixation takes place. Molecular bases are well characterized for rhizobial symbiosis, whereas little is known about the actinorhizal symbiosis. This fact is in part due to absence of genetic tools for Frankia. However, early steps of the interaction show some similarities. These two bacteria are able to induce root hair deformation by secreting a deforming factor, Nod factor in most rhizobial symbioses and a noncharacterized factor in the actinorhizal symbiosis. The aim of this thesis was to determine if molecular dialogue between plant and bacteria is based on universal components. This work used two approaches. One was targeted on nodC-like gene from Frankia alni ACN14a. We tried to characterize their function. Another used trancriptomic microarrays in Frankia. This technique allowed us to compare transcripts from 2 conditions: free-living cells and symbiosis. A last approach focused on aromatic compounds in Frankia. We wanted to determine if Frankia was able to use different aromatic compounds to grow. Indeed, a lot of aromatic compounds are involved in plant-bacteria interaction such as plant defens

Function of Succinoglycan Polysaccharide in Sinorhizobium meliloti Host Plant Invasion Depends on Succinylation, Not Molecular Weight

The acidic polysaccharide succinoglycan produced by the rhizobial symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 is required for this bacterium to invade the host plant Medicago truncatula and establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. S. meliloti mutants that cannot make succinoglycan cannot initiate invasion structures called infection threads in plant root hairs. S. meliloti exoH mutants that cannot succinylate succinoglycan are also unable to form infection threads, despite the fact that they make large quantities of succinoglycan. Succinoglycan produced by exoH mutants is refractory to cleavage by the glycanases encoded by exoK and exsH, and thus succinoglycan produced by exoH mutants is made only in the high-molecular-weight (HMW) form. One interpretation of the symbiotic defect of exoH mutants is that the low-molecular-weight (LMW) form of succinoglycan is required for infection thread formation. However, our data demonstrate that production of the HMW form of succinoglycan by S. meliloti 1021 is sufficient for invasion of the host M. truncatula and that the LMW form is not required. Here, we show that S. meliloti strains deficient in the exoK- and exsH-encoded glycanases invade M. truncatula and form a productive symbiosis, although they do this with somewhat less efficiency than the wild type. We have also characterized the polysaccharides produced by these double glycanase mutants and determined that they consist of only HMW succinoglycan and no detectable LMW succinoglycan. This demonstrates that LMW succinoglycan is not required for host invasion. These results suggest succinoglycan function is not dependent upon the presence of a small, readily diffusible form

Exploring the genomes of Frankia

The recent determination of the genome sequence of three Frankia strains has highlighted the evolutionary forces that have shaped the genetic makeup of the actinorhizal symbionts and it has opened up many avenues of research. Instances of gene duplication, gene loss and gene acquisition through lateral transfer show that the three Frankia genomes are dynamic and have evolved as a function of their host characteristics and biogeography. No convincing nod gene cluster or significant symbiotic island could be discerned. All the genes presently known to be involved in the symbiosis (nif, hup1 and hup2, shc) are found spread over the genome in at least four clusters. The results will be discussed with emphasis on understanding the mechanisms underlying the interaction and link between evolutionary forces and ecological adaptation to different biotopes

Exploring the genomes of Frankia

The recent determination of the genome sequence of three Frankia strains has highlighted the evolutionary forces that have shaped the genetic makeup of the actinorhizal symbionts and it has opened up many avenues of research. Instances of gene duplication, gene loss and gene acquisition through lateral transfer show that the three Frankia genomes are dynamic and have evolved as a function of their host characteristics and biogeography. No convincing nod gene cluster or significant symbiotic island could be discerned. All the genes presently known to be involved in the symbiosis (nif, hup1 and hup2, shc) are found spread over the genome in at least four clusters. The results will be discussed with emphasis on understanding the mechanisms underlying the interaction and link between evolutionary forces and ecological adaptation to different biotopes

A comparative genomics screen identifies a <it>Sinorhizobium meliloti</it> 1021 <it>sodM</it>-like gene strongly expressed within host plant nodules

Abstract Background We have used the genomic data in the Integrated Microbial Genomes system of the Department of Energy’s Joint Genome Institute to make predictions about rhizobial open reading frames that play a role in nodulation of host plants. The genomic data was screened by searching for ORFs conserved in α-proteobacterial rhizobia, but not conserved in closely-related non-nitrogen-fixing α-proteobacteria. Results Using this approach, we identified many genes known to be involved in nodulation or nitrogen fixation, as well as several new candidate genes. We knocked out selected new genes and assayed for the presence of nodulation phenotypes and/or nodule-specific expression. One of these genes, SMc00911, is strongly expressed by bacterial cells within host plant nodules, but is expressed minimally by free-living bacterial cells. A strain carrying an insertion mutation in SMc00911 is not defective in the symbiosis with host plants, but in contrast to expectations, this mutant strain is able to out-compete the S. meliloti 1021 wild type strain for nodule occupancy in co-inoculation experiments. The SMc00911 ORF is predicted to encode a “SodM-like” (superoxide dismutase-like) protein containing a rhodanese sulfurtransferase domain at the N-terminus and a chromate-resistance superfamily domain at the C-terminus. Several other ORFs (SMb20360, SMc01562, SMc01266, SMc03964, and the SMc01424-22 operon) identified in the screen are expressed at a moderate level by bacteria within nodules, but not by free-living bacteria. Conclusions Based on the analysis of ORFs identified in this study, we conclude that this comparative genomics approach can identify rhizobial genes involved in the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with host plants, although none of the newly identified genes were found to be essential for this process.</p

Dialogue between Staphylococcus aureus SA15 and Lactococcus garvieae strains experiencing oxidative stress.

Abstract Background Staphylococcus aureus is an important foodborne pathogen. Lactococcus garvieae is a lactic acid bacterium found in dairy products; some of its strains are able to inhibit S. aureus growth by producing H2O2. Three strains of L. garvieae from different origins were tested for their ability to inhibit S. aureus SA15 growth. Two conditions were tested, one in which H2O2 was produced (high aeration) and another one in which it was not detected (low aeration). Several S. aureus genes related to stress, H2O2-response and virulence were examined in order to compare their level of expression depending on the inoculated L. garvieae strain. Simultaneous L. garvieae H2O2 metabolism gene expression was followed. Results The results showed that under high aeration condition, L. garvieae strains producing H2O2 (N201 and CL-1183) inhibited S. aureus SA15 growth and impaired its ability to deal with hydrogen peroxide by repressing H2O2-degrading genes. L. garvieae strains induced overexpression of S. aureus stress-response genes while cell division genes and virulence genes were repressed. A catalase treatment partially or completely restored the SA15 growth. In addition, the H2O2 non-producing L. garvieae strain (Lg2) did not cause any growth inhibition. The SA15 stress-response genes were down-regulated and cell division genes expression was not affected. Under low aeration condition, while none of the strains tested exhibited H2O2-production, the 3 L. garvieae strains inhibited S. aureus SA15 growth, but to a lesser extent than under high aeration condition. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest a L. garvieae strain-specific anti-staphylococcal mechanism and an H2O2 involvement in at least two of the tested L. garvieae strains