Which Factors Favour Becoming a Technology-Based & Highly Innovative Firm? The Role of Knowledge, Technological and Managerial Capabilities, and Entrepreneurs´ Education Background

Which resources and capabilities ease the change to become a Technology-Based and Highly Innovative Firm –TB&amp;InnF–, focused in the creation of value to market? We analyse this question using a novel data panel assembled for 326 Spanish industrial firms, along the period 1984-2012. Our findings show the probability of becoming a TB&amp;InnF growths when firms are able to accumulate a high endowment of knowledge and technological capabilities, and a managerial team with: experience, strong power position and previous technical and managerial education. Results also indicate the CEO´s educational profile in management is preferable to a pure technical profile, because this complements firm´s knowledge and technological capabilities and enables the transformation of a scientific or technological project into a successful entrepreneurial innovation, which creates new value to market. This work is licensed under a&nbsp;Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</p

Enzymatic Assays and Enzyme Histochemistry of Tuta absoluta Feeding on Tomato Leaves

[EN] Enzymes play a key role in insect-plant relationships. For a better understanding of these interactions, we analyzed Tuta absoluta digestive enzymes. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the detection of trypsin and papain-like enzymes in Tuta absoluta larvae by enzyme histochemistry. This assay uses frozen and unfixed samples to avoid the loss of enzymatic activity. We also describe a protocol for the quantification of trypsin and papain-like enzymes in the larvae of Tuta absoluta at different developmental instars.Rim Hamza acknowledges fellowships from the Tunisian Ministry for Higher Education and Scientific Research and from the Erasmus Mundus EMMAG program of the European Union. This work was partly supported by grants BIO2013-40747-R and AGL2014-55616-C3 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO). We wish to thank Drs. Alberto Urbaneja and Meritxell Perez-Hedo (Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Centro de Proteccion Vegetal y Biotecnologia, Unidad Asociada de Entomologia, UJI-IVIA) for providing Tuta absoluta larvae and to Marisol Gascon (IBMCP) for technical assistance in sample processing. This protocol has been described in the publication: Hamza et al. (2018).Hamza, R.; Beltran Porter, JP.; Cañas Clemente, LA. (2018). Enzymatic Assays and Enzyme Histochemistry of Tuta absoluta Feeding on Tomato Leaves. Bio-protocol. 8(17). https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.2993S81

The influence of the floater position on the load of soccer players during a 4 vs 4 + 2 game

The purpose of this study was to examine the load of regular players and floater players in a specific small-sided game. Twenty semi-professional soccer players performed one 4 vs 4+2, modifying the position of the floaters (internal, external, zone, square and without floaters). Total distance covered, distance covered at speeds between 7-13.9 km·h−1, 14-17.9 km·h−1, and ≥18 km·h−1, accelerations and decelerations between 2.5-4 m·s−2, maximal and mean heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were analyzed. Internal floaters achieved greater total distance covered, accelerations and RPE than in any other position. Internal and external floaters achieved more distance covered at 7-13.9, 14-17.9, >18 km·h-1 and HR than zone and square floaters. With internal floaters, regular players covered more distance covered >18 km·h-1 than in any other 4vs4+2 format, and with internal and external floaters regular players covered greater total distance and distance at 14-17.9 km·h-1 than without floaters or with zone or square floaters. Regular players showed greater total distance covered, distance covered at 7-13.9, 14-17.9, >18 km·h-1, accelerations and RPE than floaters in all 4vs4+2. These data showed that floater position in 4vs4+2 game influenced the internal and external load of both the regular players and the floaters

Actividad física y apoyo de la autonomía : el rol del profesor de Educación Física

El profesor de Educación Física (EF) ejerce un papel fundamental en la promoción de la actividad física (AF) desde su práctica docente. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la influencia que la percepción del apoyo de la autonomía por parte del profesor de EF ejerce en la práctica habitual de AF, tanto desde el punto de vista del alumnado como del profesorado. Participaron un total de 831 adolescentes y 18 profesores de EF de las ciudades de Huesca (España) y Tarbes (Francia). Se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal por pasos sucesivos, el cual mostró que tanto una mayor percepción de apoyo de autonomía del profesor de EF por parte de los alumnos, como una orientación altamente autónoma del profesor de EF, predicen de forma significativamente positiva una mayor práctica de AF habitual en los adolescentes. El desarrollo de un clima orientado a la autonomía en EF debe constituir uno de los pilares principales de todo proceso educativo. Ese clima propicio debe basarse en el discurso e intervención docente del profesor de EF como elementos determinantes del comportamiento de los adolescentes, pudiendo contribuir a su desarrollo como sujetos más activos en su tiempo libre.Physical Education (PE) teachers play an essential role in promoting physical activity (PA) with their teaching activity. The purpose of this study was to analyse the influence that perceived autonomy support from PE teachers exerts on regular engagement in PA, both from the students' and teachers' viewpoint. A total of 831 teenagers took part (M = 14.32; SD = .73; 372 boys and 459 girls) and 18 PE teachers (9 men and 9 women) from the cities of Huesca (Spain) and Tarbes (France). A linear regression analysis was performed in stages, which showed that both greater perceived autonomy support from the PE teachers by students, and highly autonomous orientation of the PE teachers positively predict greater engagement in regular PA in teenagers. The development of an autonomy-oriented climate in PE must make up one of the main pillars of the whole education process. This favourable climate must be based on the teaching intervention and discourse of the PE teachers as determining elements of the teenagers' behaviour, being able to contribute to their development as more active people in their free time.O ensino de Educação Física (EF) exerce um papel fundamental na promoção de actividade física (AF). O objectivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência que a percepção de apoio à autonomia que os professores de EF exercem na prática habitual de AF, tanto do ponto de vista dos alunos como dos professores. Participaram no estudo um total de 831 adolescentes (M = 14.32; DP = .73; 372 rapazes e 459 raparigas) e 18 professores de EF (9 homens e 9 mulheres) das cidades de Huesca (Espanha) e Tarbes (França). Realizou-se uma análise de regressão linear stepwise, a qual revelou que tanto uma maior percepção de apoio à autonomía dos professores de EF por parte dos alunos, como uma orientação altamente autónoma por parte dos professores de EF, predizem de forma positiva uma maior prática de AF habitual nos adolescentes. O desenvolvimento de um clima orientado para a autonomia em EF deve constituir um dos pilares principais do processo educativo. Esse clima propício deve basear-se no discurso e na intervenção docente dos professores de EF como elementos determinantes do comportamento dos adolescentes, podendo contribuir para o seu desenvolvimento enquanto pessoas mais activas no seu tempo livre

Diseño de Anillo Térmico para el Patrón Nacional de Ruido

En ese trabajo se presentan los aspectos fundamentales de una parte fundamental del que será patrón nacional de ruido térmico: el anillo que realiza el contacto térmico entre los conductores interior y exterior en la parte superior de la línea coaxial del patrón de ruido. El objetivo de este dispositivo es mantener la misma temperatura en ambos conductores a la entrada del patrón y, asimismo, minimizar el efecto que pueda tener sobre la temperatura de ruido y el coeficiente de reflexión a la entrada del patrón

Engineered Male Sterility by Early Anther Ablation Using the Pea Anther-Specific Promoter PsEND1

[EN] Genetic engineered male sterility has different applications, ranging from hybrid seed production to bioconfinement of transgenes in genetic modified crops. The impact of this technology is currently patent in a wide range of crops, including legumes, which has helped to deal with the challenges of global food security. Production of engineered male sterile plants by expression of a ribonuclease gene under the control of an anther- or pollen-specific promoter has proven to be an efficient way to generate pollen-free elite cultivars. In the last years, we have been studying the genetic control of flower development in legumes and several genes that are specifically expressed in a determinate floral organ were identified. Pisum sativum ENDOTHECIUM 1 (PsEND1) is a pea anther-specific gene displaying very early expression in the anther primordium cells. This expression pattern has been assessed in both model plants and crops (tomato, tobacco, oilseed rape, rice, wheat) using genetic constructs carrying the PsEND1 promoter fused to the uidA reporter gene. This promoter fused to the barnase gene produces full anther ablation at early developmental stages, preventing the production of mature pollen grains in all plant species tested. Additional effects produced by the early anther ablation in the PsEND1::barnase-barstar plants, with interesting biotechnological applications, have also been described, such as redirection of resources to increase vegetative growth, reduction of the need for deadheading to extend the flowering period, or elimination of pollen allergens in ornamental plants (Kalanchoe, Pelargonium). Moreover, early anther ablation in transgenic PsEND1::barnase-barstar tomato plants promotes the developing of the ovaries into parthenocarpic fruits due to the absence of signals generated during the fertilization process and can be considered an efficient tool to promote fruit set and to produce seedless fruits. In legumes, the production of new hybrid cultivars will contribute to enhance yield and productivity by exploiting the hybrid vigor generated. The PsEND1::barnase-barstar construct could be also useful to generate parental lines in hybrid breeding approaches to produce new cultivars in different legume species.This work was funded by grants BIO2000-0940, BIO2000-0940, BIO2003-01171, BIO2006-09374, PTR95-0979-OP-03-01, RYC-2007-00627, AGL2009-13388-C03-01, AGL2009-07617, BIO2009-08134, AGL2015-64991-C3-3-R, and BIO2016-75485-R from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO).Roque Mesa, EM.; Gómez Mena, MC.; Hamza, R.; Beltran Porter, JP.; Cañas Clemente, LA. (2019). Engineered Male Sterility by Early Anther Ablation Using the Pea Anther-Specific Promoter PsEND1. Frontiers in Plant Science. 10:1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00819S1910Beals, T. P., & Goldberg, R. B. (1997). A novel cell ablation strategy blocks tobacco anther dehiscence. The Plant Cell, 9(9), 1527-1545. doi:10.1105/tpc.9.9.1527Canales, C., Bhatt, A. M., Scott, R., & Dickinson, H. (2002). EXS, a Putative LRR Receptor Kinase, Regulates Male Germline Cell Number and Tapetal Identity and Promotes Seed Development in Arabidopsis. Current Biology, 12(20), 1718-1727. doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(02)01151-xCa�as, L. A., Essid, R., G�mez, M. D., & Beltr�n, J. (2002). Monoclonal antibodies as developmental markers to characterize pea floral homeotic transformations. Sexual Plant Reproduction, 15(3), 141-152. doi:10.1007/s00497-002-0148-2Christensen, B., Sriskandarajah, S., Serek, M., & Müller, R. (2008). Transformation of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana with rol-genes is useful in molecular breeding towards compact growth. Plant Cell Reports, 27(9), 1485-1495. doi:10.1007/s00299-008-0575-0Block, M. D., Debrouwer, D., & Moens, T. (1997). The development of a nuclear male sterility system in wheat. Expression of the barnase gene under the control of tapetum specific promoters. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 95(1-2), 125-131. doi:10.1007/s001220050540Denis, M., Delourme, R., Gourret, J. P., Mariani, C., & Renard, M. (1993). Expression of Engineered Nuclear Male Sterility in Brassica napus (Genetics, Morphology, Cytology, and Sensitivity to Temperature). Plant Physiology, 101(4), 1295-1304. doi:10.1104/pp.101.4.1295Dutt, M., Dhekney, S. A., Soriano, L., Kandel, R., & Grosser, J. W. (2014). Temporal and spatial control of gene expression in horticultural crops. Horticulture Research, 1(1). doi:10.1038/hortres.2014.47García-Sogo, B., Pineda, B., Castelblanque, L., Antón, T., Medina, M., Roque, E., … Cañas, L. A. (2009). Efficient transformation of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana and production of male-sterile plants by engineered anther ablation. Plant Cell Reports, 29(1), 61-77. doi:10.1007/s00299-009-0798-8García-Sogo, B., Pineda, B., Roque, E., Antón, T., Atarés, A., Borja, M., … Cañas, L. (2012). Production of engineered long-life and male sterile Pelargonium plants. BMC Plant Biology, 12(1), 156. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-12-156Gardner, N., Felsheim, R., & Smith, A. G. (2009). Production of male- and female-sterile plants through reproductive tissue ablation. Journal of Plant Physiology, 166(8), 871-881. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2008.10.002Goldberg, A., Confino-Cohen, R., & Waisel, Y. (1998). Allergic responses to pollen of ornamental plants: High incidence in the general atopic population and especially among flower growers. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 102(2), 210-214. doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(98)70088-0G�mez, M. D., Beltr�n, J.-P., & Ca�as, L. A. (2004). The pea END1 promoter drives anther-specific gene expression in different plant species. Planta, 219(6), 967-981. doi:10.1007/s00425-004-1300-zHarris, N., & Croy, R. R. D. (1985). The major albumin protein from pea (Pisum sativum L.). Planta, 165(4), 522-526. doi:10.1007/bf00398098Hartley, R. W. (1988). Barnase and barstar. Journal of Molecular Biology, 202(4), 913-915. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(88)90568-2Higgins, T. J. V., Beach, L. R., Spencer, D., Chandler, P. M., Randall, P. J., Blagrove, R. J., … Guthrie, R. E. (1987). cDNA and protein sequence of a major pea seed albumin (PA 2 : Mr?26 000). Plant Molecular Biology, 8(1), 37-45. doi:10.1007/bf00016432Hird, D. L., Worrall, D., Hodge, R., Smartt, S., Paul, W., & Scott, R. (1993). The anther-specific protein encoded by the Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana A6 gene displays similarity to beta-1,3-glucanases. The Plant Journal, 4(6), 1023-1033. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1993.04061023.xHuang, J., Smith, A. R., Zhang, T., & Zhao, D. (2016). Creating Completely Both Male and Female Sterile Plants by Specifically Ablating Microspore and Megaspore Mother Cells. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00030Skinner, J. S., Meilan, R., Brunner, A. M., & Strauss, S. H. (2000). Options for Genetic Engineering of Floral Sterility in Forest Trees. Forestry Sciences, 135-153. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2311-4_5Jenne, D. (1991). Homology of placental protein 11 and pea seed albumin 2 with vitronectin. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 176(3), 1000-1006. doi:10.1016/0006-291x(91)90381-gKoltunow, A. M., Truettner, J., Cox, K. H., Wallroth, M., & Goldberg, R. B. (1990). Different Temporal and Spatial Gene Expression Patterns Occur during Anther Development. The Plant Cell, 1201-1224. doi:10.1105/tpc.2.12.1201Lee, Y.-H., Chung, K.-H., Kim, H.-U., Jin, Y.-M., Kim, H.-I., & Park, B.-S. (2003). Induction of male sterile cabbage using a tapetum-specific promoter from Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis. Plant Cell Reports, 22(4), 268-273. doi:10.1007/s00299-003-0688-4Ma, H. (2005). MOLECULAR GENETIC ANALYSES OF MICROSPOROGENESIS AND MICROGAMETOGENESIS IN FLOWERING PLANTS. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 56(1), 393-434. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141717Mariani, C., Beuckeleer, M. D., Truettner, J., Leemans, J., & Goldberg, R. B. (1990). Induction of male sterility in plants by a chimaeric ribonuclease gene. Nature, 347(6295), 737-741. doi:10.1038/347737a0Mariani, C., Gossele, V., Beuckeleer, M. D., Block, M. D., Goldberg, R. B., Greef, W. D., & Leemans, J. (1992). A chimaeric ribonuclease-inhibitor gene restores fertility to male sterile plants. Nature, 357(6377), 384-387. doi:10.1038/357384a0Medina, M., Roque, E., Pineda, B., Cañas, L., Rodriguez-Concepción, M., Beltrán, J. P., & Gómez-Mena, C. (2013). Early anther ablation triggers parthenocarpic fruit development in tomato. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 11(6), 770-779. doi:10.1111/pbi.12069Millwood, R. J., Moon, H. S., Poovaiah, C. R., Muthukumar, B., Rice, J. H., Abercrombie, J. M., … Stewart, C. N. (2015). Engineered selective plant male sterility through pollen-specific expression of theEcoRI restriction endonuclease. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 14(5), 1281-1290. doi:10.1111/pbi.12493Mishra, S., & Kumari, V. (2018). A Review on Male Sterility-Concepts and Utilization in Vegetable Crops. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(2), 3016-3034. doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2018.702.367Nonomura, K.-I., Miyoshi, K., Eiguchi, M., Suzuki, T., Miyao, A., Hirochika, H., & Kurata, N. (2003). The MSP1 Gene Is Necessary to Restrict the Number of Cells Entering into Male and Female Sporogenesis and to Initiate Anther Wall Formation in Rice. The Plant Cell, 15(8), 1728-1739. doi:10.1105/tpc.012401Paul, W., Hodge, R., Smartt, S., Draper, J., & Scott, R. (1992). The isolation and characterisation of the tapetum-specific Arabidopsis thaliana A9 gene. Plant Molecular Biology, 19(4), 611-622. doi:10.1007/bf00026787Pedroche, J., Yust, M. M., Lqari, H., Megías, C., Girón-Calle, J., Alaiz, M., … Vioque, J. (2005). Chickpea pa2 albumin binds hemin. Plant Science, 168(4), 1109-1114. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.12.011Pistón, F., García, C., de la Viña, G., Beltran, J. P., Cañas, L. A., & Barro, F. (2007). The pea PsEND1 promoter drives the expression of GUS in transgenic wheat at the binucleate microspore stage and during pollen tube development. Molecular Breeding, 21(3), 401-405. doi:10.1007/s11032-007-9133-7Roberts, M., Boyes, E., & Scott, R. (1995). An investigation of the role of the anther tapetum during microspore development using genetic cell ablation. Sexual Plant Reproduction, 8(5). doi:10.1007/bf00229387Rojas-Gracia, P., Roque, E., Medina, M., López-Martín, M. J., Cañas, L. A., Beltrán, J. P., & Gómez-Mena, C. (2019). The DOF Transcription Factor SlDOF10 Regulates Vascular Tissue Formation During Ovary Development in Tomato. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00216Rojas-Gracia, P., Roque, E., Medina, M., Rochina, M., Hamza, R., Angarita-Díaz, M. P., … Gómez-Mena, C. (2017). The parthenocarpichydramutant reveals a new function for aSPOROCYTELESS-like gene in the control of fruit set in tomato. New Phytologist, 214(3), 1198-1212. doi:10.1111/nph.14433Roque, E., Gómez, M. D., Ellul, P., Wallbraun, M., Madueño, F., Beltrán, J.-P., & Cañas, L. A. (2006). The PsEND1 promoter: a novel tool to produce genetically engineered male-sterile plants by early anther ablation. Plant Cell Reports, 26(3), 313-325. doi:10.1007/s00299-006-0237-zRosellini, D., Pezzotti, M., & Veronesi, F. (2001). Euphytica, 118(3), 313-319. doi:10.1023/a:1017568201732Sanikhani, M., Mibus, H., Stummann, B. M., & Serek, M. (2007). Kalanchoe blossfeldiana plants expressing the Arabidopsis etr1-1 allele show reduced ethylene sensitivity. Plant Cell Reports, 27(4), 729-737. doi:10.1007/s00299-007-0493-6Saxena, K. B., & Hingane, A. J. (2015). Male Sterility Systems in Major Field Crops and Their Potential Role in Crop Improvement. Plant Biology and Biotechnology, 639-656. doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2286-6_25Schiefthaler, U., Balasubramanian, S., Sieber, P., Chevalier, D., Wisman, E., & Schneitz, K. (1999). Molecular analysis of NOZZLE, a gene involved in pattern formation and early sporogenesis during sex organ development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(20), 11664-11669. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.20.11664Shull, G. H. (1908). The Composition of a Field of Maize. Journal of Heredity, os-4(1), 296-301. doi:10.1093/jhered/os-4.1.296Thirukkumaran, G., Khan, R. S., Chin, D. P., Nakamura, I., & Mii, M. (2009). Isopentenyl transferase gene expression offers the positive selection of marker-free transgenic plant of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 97(3), 237-242. doi:10.1007/s11240-009-9519-9Topp, S. H., Rasmussen, S. K., & Sander, L. (2008). Alcohol induced silencing of gibberellin 20-oxidases in Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 93(3), 241-248. doi:10.1007/s11240-008-9368-yVigeolas, H., Chinoy, C., Zuther, E., Blessington, B., Geigenberger, P., & Domoney, C. (2007). 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PsPMEP, a pollen specific pectin methylesterase of pea (Pisum sativum L.)

[EN] Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are a family of enzymes involved in plant reproductive processes such as pollen development and pollen tube growth. We have isolated and characterized PsPMEP, a pea (Pisum sativum L.) pollen-specific gene that encodes a protein with homology to PMEs. Sequence analysis showed that PsPMEP belongs to group 2 PMEs, which are characterized by the presence of a processable amino-terminal PME inhibitor domain followed by the catalytic PME domain. Moreover, PsPMEP contains several motifs highly conserved among PMEs with the essential amino acid residues involved in enzyme substrate binding and catalysis. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses showed that PsPMEP is expressed in pollen grains from 4 days before anthesis till anther dehiscence and in pollinated carpels. In the PsPMEP promoter region, we have identified several conserved cis-regulatory elements that have been associated with gene pollen-specific expression. Expression analysis of PsPMEP promoter fused to the uidA reporter gene in Arabidopsis thaliana plants showed a similar expression pattern when compared with pea, indicating that this promoter is also functional in a non-leguminous plant. GUS expression was detected in mature pollen grains, during pollen germination, during pollen tube elongation along the transmitting tract, and when the pollen tube reaches the embryo sac in the ovule.This work was funded by grants BIO2006-09374 and BIO2009-08134 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN). The collaboration and assistance of Julia Marin-Navarro in the catalytic activity assays of PsPMEP in yeast and Rafael Martinez-Pardo in the greenhouse is gratefully acknowledged. We would like to thank the HAPRECI consortium (COST Action FA0903) to bring us the opportunity to collaborate with other European research groups working in the field of Plant Reproduction and to select our manuscript to be published in this special issue.Gómez Jiménez, MD.; Renau Morata, B.; Roque Mesa, EM.; Polaina, J.; Beltran Porter, JP.; Cañas Clemente, LA. (2013). PsPMEP, a pollen specific pectin methylesterase of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Plant Reproduction. 26(3):245-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-013-0220-0S245254263Bate N, Twell D (1998) Functional architecture of a late pollen promoter: pollen specific transcription is developmentally regulated by multiple stage-specific and co-dependent activator elements. Plant Mol Biol 37:859–869Bechtold N, Ellis J, Pelletier G (1993) In planta Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer by infiltration of adult Arabidopsis thaliana plants. C R Acad Sci 316:1194–1199Bosch M, Hepler PK (2005) Pectin methylesterases and pectin dynamics in pollen tubes. Plant Cell 17:3219–3226Bosch M, Hepler PK (2006) Silencing of the tobacco pollen pectin methylesterase NtPPME1 results in retarded in vivo pollen tube growth. Planta 233:736–745Camardella L (2000) Kiwi protein inhibitor of pectin methylesterase–amino-acid sequence and structural importance of two disulfide bridges. Eur J Biochem 267:4561–4565Carpenter JL, Ploense SE, Snustad DP, Silflow CD (1992) Preferential expression of an alpha-tubulin gene of Arabidopsis in pollen. Plant Cell 4:557–571Combet C, Blanchet C, Geourjon C, Deléage G (2000) NPS@: network protein sequence analysis. Trend Biochem Sci 25:147–150De Almeida Engler J, Van Montagu M, Engler G (1998) Whole-mount in situ hybridization in plants. 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La Educación Física: ¿Una oportunidad para la promoción de la actividad física?

A pesar de que la inactividad física está reconocida como un importante factor que contribuye al incremento de los niveles de obesidad y de otros problemas de salud, la mayoría de niños y adolescentes de las sociedades occidentales no realizan suficiente actividad física, para llegar a generar beneficios para su salud. El centro escolar representa una oportunidad para promocionar la actividad física, porque los niños permanecen gran parte de su tiempo en él. Para muchos escolares, las clases de Educación Física suponen el único momento a lo largo de la semana, en el que realizan práctica de actividad física. Tradicionalmente se ha considerado a la Educación Física como un área privilegiada en la promoción de la actividad física, bien de una manera directa, contribuyendo a la acumulación diaria de actividad física recomendada, bien de forma indirecta, promoviendo la actividad física fuera del centro escolar, a través del desarrollo de actitudes y competencias que permitan incorporar la conducta hacer práctica de actividad física, en el estilo de vida del individuo. Este artículo supone una reflexión sobre las relaciones entre la Educación Física y la promoción de la actividad física, analizando por un lado, el papel que debe jugar nuestra área que quizá deba estar más preocupada por atender aquellos aspectos motivacionales que favorezcan la adherencia a la práctica de actividad física presente y futura, y por otro, el rol del profesor de Educación Física, como facilitador y promotor de un estilo de vida activo y saludable, en coherencia con el modelo pedagógico de Educación Física y Salud. Although physical inactivity is recognized as an important factor contributing to rising levels of obesity and other health problems, the majority of children and adolescents in Western societies do not get enough physical activity to generate health benefits. The school setting represents an opportunity to promote physical activity, because children spend much of their time in it. For many students, the Physical Education lessons represent the only time during the week in which they perform physical activity. It has traditionally been considered that physical education as a privileged area for the promotion of physical activity, in a direct way, contributing to the daily accumulation of physical activity recommended, and indirectly, promoting physical activity outside school, through the development of attitudes and skills which can help incorporate physical activity behavior in the lifestyle of the individual. This article is a reflection on the relationship between physical education and the promotion of physical activity, analyzing, first, the role to be played by our field that may need to be more concerned with addressing those motivational aspects that promote adherence to physical activity in the present and the future, and secondly, the role of the physical education teacher, as facilitator and promoter of an active, healthy lifestyle, consistent with the pedagogical model of Physical Education and health