How the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche can be succinctly encapsulated within his Apollonian-Dionysian dichotomy

This thesis aims to illustrate that the broad philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche can be subordinated to his conceptual dichotomy: the Apollonian-Dionysian dichotomy. Through an analysis of the Birth of Tragedy, Beyond Good and Evil, Twilight of the Idols, as well as a brief analysis of the Will to Power, I will make the case that the dichotomy is the umbrella under which all Nietzschean concepts are to be read and understood. The texts that were chosen represent key stages in Nietzsche’s intellectual development – from the Birth of Tragedy, which marks the beginning of Nietzschean philosophy; to Twilight of the Idols, which represents the end. The constituent parts of the dichotomy are to be understood in two contexts: firstly, the terms (Apollonian/Dionysian) are used to denote the forces required for the creation of art; secondly, the terms come to signify the type of individual who makes use of those forces as it is the case that different types of art can be created by different types of men. Nietzschean philosophy is to be understood through art as it is explicitly stated that the essence of existence is one of a perpetual Becoming wherein there exists only that which is created by man, for man, in service of man’s own will to power. All attempts to discern a fixed Being in-itself existing outside of this will to power are false and are indicative of a weak and sickly disposition, the symptoms of which are found in the progenitors’ art (be it a morality, table of categories, or a transcendent deity). Through the positing of the thing-in-itself as the will to power Nietzsche conceptualises the world of Becoming as a canvas onto which two different types of men imprint a Being which reveals, physiologically, their endowment as either Apollonian or Dionysian

Growth and Genetic Analysis of Pejibaye (Bactris Gasipaes Kunth, Palmae)in Hawai'i

Pejibaye or peach palm {Bactris gasipaes, Kunth) was introduced into Hawai’i to supply the gourmet market with fresh heart of palm. New crop introduction requires evaluation of crop adaptation to its new environment and planning for future development, including genetic improvement. Leaf number of open-pollinated Benjamin Constant (Putumayo landrace) progenies was lower at harvest (6-8) than elsewhere (8- 10), and offshoot number dropped dramatically from first harvest (6.5) to second harvest (2). Allometric equations for estimating whole plant leaf area and biomass were developed, using height and leaf number predictors. No significant plant population (density) effects on individual plant dimensions or growth were found over the range of 3333 to 6666 plants/ha. Relative growth rate (RGR) and unit leaf rate (E ^ between nursery and first harvest were highly correlated (r = -0.99 and -0.95, respectively) with earliness (days to harvest). The early progenies partitioned photoassimilates differently; two had high E^, while one had moderate E^ and partitioned preferentially to leaf area, resulting in a higher leaf area ratio. Heart of palm yields were close to 900 kg/ha after 12 months of harvest and 1400 kg/ha after 18 months, both comparable to tropical American yields. When edible stem and leaf were added to the yields, these increased to 2.8 and 4.5 t/ha of marketable product, respectively. Quantitative genetic analysis of growth parameters suggested high levels of inbreeding in the germplasm studied, since the narrow-sense heritabilities were double those observed in other perennials. Additive genetic variances for RGR and earliness suggested the potential for significant response to selection, but phenotypic variation varied depending on the interval over which RGR was estimated. The lowest estimate of RGR (over an entire development phase) provided the smallest response to selection but is similar to the response observed in other crops. Allozyme heterozygosity was remarkably low, ranging from 0.038 to 0.099, with a mean of 0.074, on par with inbred crops, rather than outbreeders. There was a lack of correlation between allozyme heterozygosity and growth parameters and morphological traits

Domestication and Dispersal of Native Crops in Amazonia

Recent decades have witnessed the rapid expansion of interest in and research on the domestication of crop plants worldwide. These species are the basis of the rise to dominance of Homo sapiens over the last 10,000 years. New techniques in archaeology and the expansion of molecular genetics are uncovering abundant evidence to support or refute old hypotheses about human domestication of crops and creation of food production systems that fueled population expansions and linguistic diasporas, and to raise new hypotheses. In Amazonia and elsewhere in lowland South America, archaeologists are starting to examine these hypotheses in earnest, and geneticists are starting to generate data to identify crop origins and dispersals. Archaeologists now generally agree that Amazonia was inhabited by numerous advanced societies before European conquest, especially along the major white water rivers and in other favorable locations for food production, and that these societies had domesticated significant areas of numerous landscapes. This special section of Tipití summarizes a set of presentations given during the recent 2nd International Meeting on Amazonian Archaeology, held in Manaus, Amazonas, in September 2010. An overview of plant domestication opens the sequence, followed by new archaeobotanical evidence from the southeastern Colombian and central Brazilian Amazonia and from the southern savannas of Brazil, and new molecular genetic evidence about the origins of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) and the dispersal of manioc (Manihot esculenta), maize (Zea mays), and peach palm in lowland South America

Deposition on fibrous filters in the interception region

When deposit accumulates inside a fibrous filter the fluid flow through the filter, and hence the filters collection efficiency, is altered. Although this is well known, it is difficult to model the particle build up within a filter. However it is crucial that a full understanding of the process of particle deposition and its effects upon further deposition is obtained in order to understand the performances of fibrous filters. We have been developing a numerical model of fibrous filtration aimed at investigating deposition due to various mechanisms and the effect filter properties and particle characteristics have upon it (Dunnett and Clement 2006, 2009). We have shown that, for small particles where the dominant mechanism by which particles deposit is diffusion, the porosity of the deposit formed does not significantly influence further deposition. For larger particles the porosity of the deposit has been seen to have a greater influence upon the flow field, and hence upon particle behaviour. In this paper we consider particles for which interception is the main mechanism of deposition

Critical trajectories for aerosol particles: their determination for impaction in fibrous filters and in oscillating bubbles

Critical trajectories for aerosol particles in a gas flow are ones which divide an aerosol flux into different parts, for example aerosol which is, and is not deposited. They can exist in all gas flows in which aerosol motion is governed by gas velocity rather than by diffusion and we describe two mathematical methods for their calculation. For deposition by impaction on a filter fibre it is necessary to solve the differential equations for particle motion and an efficient iterative procedure is used to obtain the critical trajectories. Jonas and Schütz (1988) have shown that aerosol impaction is an important mechanism for the removal of aerosol from an oscillating sodium vapour bubble formed during a hypothetical core disruptive accident in a fast reactor. For these one-dimensional oscillations, when the gas velocity within a bubble is a linear function of position, we extend their work by calculating critical trajectories directly from the integral equation describing a depositing particle for two models with different initial conditions. With initially entrained uniform aerosol, the percentage impacted is independent of the inclusion of gravity in the calculations as long as regions empty of aerosol do not appear in the bubbles. Numerical results are obtained for a wide range of amplitudes of bubble oscillations and aerosol in the size range 1-30 m. In agreement with Jonas and Schütz, we find that a considerable fraction of the aerosol at larger sizes is removed by impaction. For aerosol below 20 m in size, the removal fraction does not always increase with the oscillation amplitude, but appears to peak at a certain value of the amplitude. This could indicate a kind of resonant behaviour coupling aerosol entrainment to oscillations in the gas velocity. The theory is applicable to different types of bubble oscillation

Numerical investigation into the loading behaviour of filters operating in the diffusional and interception deposition regimes

Using a previously developed theory, which allows for changes in gas flow from deposit growth, calculations are performed for deposition on an initially cylindrical fibre. The deposit is given a specified porosity through which the flow is calculated from Darcy's equation using the Beavers and Joseph (1967) boundary condition at the outer boundary. Results are obtained for different porosities φ the volume fraction of space in the deposit, for flow conditions such that deposition occurs by the mechanisms of diffusion and interception, but not impaction (Stk1 and interception dominates, deposition increases with increase in φ and is significant for φ ≥0.9 where more streamlines pass through the deposit. The shape of the deposit remains peaked at the front of the fibre, at the forward stagnation point, but, if a deposit has an initial flat front, it grows into a shape peaked away from the stagnation point, as observed by Kanaoka et al. (1986). Possible reasons for this behaviour are discussed

A numerical study of the effects of loading from diffusive deposition on the efficiency of fibrous filters

This work is aimed at developing numerical methods for calculating diffusive and interceptive deposition on fibres in fibrous filters as a deposit builds up. Calculations are performed of the two dimensional flow field past a single fibre for three different cell models using the boundary element model (BEM). Boundary conditions for the cells correspond to the Kuwabara model and two different rectangular cases, one corresponding to a periodic cell array. The concentration field for particles is then calculated using the equation of Stechkina and Fuchs (1966), but with the numerical flow field. Resulting deposition rates are compared with their results and also with those of Friedlander (1977) for point particles. For deposition on the front of the fibre, we extend their results using the analytic flow field to obtain analytic results for parameter regions where different types of deposition occur. The two relevant parameters are the ratio of the particle to fibre radii and the effective thickness of the diffusion layer. Numerical flow fields are used to calculate particle deposition over the whole fibre, assuming the deposit forms as a smooth solid layer. The new surface shape is parameterised, and the whole process of recalculating the flow field and particle deposition is repeated. Results are obtained for deposition on the new surface as functions of flow Peclet number and fibre packing fraction