Whole linted cottonseed meal (Gossypium hirsutum L.) protein and fiber degradability in the rumen

0 experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a degradabilidade “in situ” da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) do caroço de algodão integral (CAI) em substituição ao farelo de algodão, empregando-se silagem de sorgo (SS), como único volumoso. Além disso, avaliaram-se as alterações no pH e cinética de fermentação ruminal de 9 bovinos, machos, com fístulas no rúmen. Os tratamentos foram: A = 0% CAI, B = 6,6% CAI e C = 15% CAI; a silagem de sorgo entrou na proporção de 70% em todos os tratamentos. As rações eram isonitrogenadas, com aproximadamente 12% de PB na MS. Houve diferença estatística (p < 0,05) para a degradação de MS no tempo 48 horas (A = 54,4%; B = 54,2% e C = 58,7%), de PB às 12 horas (A = 40,3%; B = 47,7%; e C = 53,1%) e de FDA às 48 horas (A = 40,3%; B = 41,2% e C = 45,6%), ocorrendo maiores taxas de degradação com oaumento do nível de CAI na dieta. Os demais parâmetros (volume ruminal, “turn over" do digesto ruminal e pH do conteúdo ruminal) não mostraram diferenças significativas entre tratamentos. O emprego crescente de CAI, até 15% da MS da ração, aumentou a degradação da MS, da PB e da FDA desse produto.Evaluation of “in situ" degradability of DM, CP and ADF of whole linted cottonseed (WLC) when used up to 15% of the diet (dry matter basis), replacing cottonseed meal, was the main purpose of this experiment. Sorghum silage (SS) was the only roughage. Ruminal pH and rumen kinetics were also evaluated. Nine ruminal canulated steers were used in a3 x 3 change-over design to evaluate the following treatments: A = 0% WLC; B = 6.6% WLC; and C = 15.0% WLC. Sorghum silage contributed with 70% in all three treatments. DM degradability at 48h incubation time was statistically different (p < 0.05) (A = 54.4%; B = 54.2% and C = 58.7%), as well as PB degradability at 12h (A = 40.3%; B = 47.7% and C = 53.1%) and ADF degradability at 48h (A = 40.3%; B = 41.2% and C = 45.6%). Ruminal volume, turn overtime and ruminal pH weren’t affected by the experimental diets. Substitution of WLC for cottonseed meal up to 15% diet increased degradability of DM, CP and ADF of WLC

Seleção estratégica de marcadores para detecção de locos para características quantitativas em aves

ABSTRACT: Selective genotyping for a certain trait in individuals with extreme phenotypes contributes sufficient information to determine linkage between molecular markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL). In this experiment an F2 population, developed by crossing males from a broiler line with females from a layer line, was employed to detect QTL on chromosomes 3 and 5. Twenty-eight performance and carcass traits were measured in F2 offspring, and phenotypic correlations between traits were calculated. Body weight at 42 days (BW42) presented the greatest positive correlations with most other traits, with correlation between body weights at 35 and 41 days, weight gain between birth and 35, 41 and 42 days, as well as weights of carcass and some body parts superior to 0.8. One hundred-and-seventy F2 offspring, representing the top (4.5%) and the bottom (4.5%) of a normal distribution curve of BW42, were selected with equal proportions of males and females, and within dam family. Samples were genotyped for 19 informative markers on chromosome 3, and 11 markers on chromosome 5. Marker allelic frequencies of phenotypic groups with high and low BW42 were compared with a chi-square test. Four regions on chromosome 3 and three regions on chromosome 5 had markers that were suggestively associated with BW42 (P < 0.10), confirming and expanding previous studies. ___________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMOA genotipagem seletiva de indivíduos com fenótipos extremos para uma determinada característica contribui com informação suficiente para determinar a ligação entre marcadores moleculares e locos para características quantitativas (QTL). Neste estudo uma população F2, formada a partir do cruzamento de uma linha parental de aves para corte com uma linha de postura foi empregada para obtenção de medidas fenotípicas e genotipagem por marcadores microssatélites, posicionados nos cromossomos 3 e 5. Foram medidas 28 características de desempenho e carcaça e determinada a correlação fenotípica entre elas. A característica peso vivo aos 42 dias (BW42) apresentou maior correlação positiva com a maioria das características, com correlação entre pesos vivos aos 35, 41 dias, ganhos de peso do nascimento aos 35, 41 e 42 dias, e pesos de carcaça e partes superiores a 0,8. Cento e setenta aves F2, representando 4,5% das aves mais leves e 4,5% das mais pesadas para BW42 foram selecionadas dentro de famílias, na mesma proporção de machos e fêmeas e genotipadas para 19 marcadores informativos no cromossomo 3 e 11 no cromossomo 5. As freqüências alélicas dos marcadores nos grupos fenotípicos de alto e baixo BW42 foram comparadas empregando teste de qui-quadrado. Foram identificadas quatro regiões no cromossomo 3 e três regiões no cromossomo 5 sugestivamente ligadas a QTL para BW42 (P < 0,10), confirmando e expandindo estudos anteriores de mapeamento de QTL em aves

POLPA ÚMIDA DE TOMATE: EFEITOS SOBRE O DESEMPENHO DE BOVINOS CONFINADOS WET TOMATO POMACE: EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE OF FEEDLOT CALVES

&lt;!-- @page { margin: 2cm } --&gt; &lt;p class="western" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Este trabalho foi conduzido para avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de níveis crescentes de polpa úmida de tomate (PUT), em substituição ao feno de braquiaria decumbens (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Brachiaria&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;decumbens&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; Staf), sobre o desempenho de bovinos confinados. Foram utilizados vinte bovinos mestiços E x Z com 12 meses de idade e peso inicial de 161 kg, alojados em grupos de cinco em baias de 60 m2. Os quatro tratamentos empregados foram: A) Feno de braquiaria decumbens (FHRAQ) 100% da matéria seca proveniente da forragem (MSF); B) FBRAQ 73% + PUT 27% da MSF; C) FBRAQ 46% + 54% PUT da MSF; D) FBRAQ 19% + 81% PUT da MSF. Quatro concentrados compostos por farelo de soja, grão de milho triturado e minerais foram usados para manter as rações isocalóricas e isoprotéicas. O ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) foi avaliado em intervalos de 28 dias. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o GMD (kg/dia): A) 0,88; B) 1,07; C) 1,04 e D) 1,21. Dessa forma, foi possível substituir até 80% da MS do FBRAQ com PUT sem efeitos negativos sobre o GMD.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="western" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Feno; subprodutos; ruminantes; nutrição.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br>&lt;!-- @page { margin: 2cm } --&gt; &lt;p class="western" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;The experiment was carried out to study the effect of increasing levels of tomato pomace (TP), substituting hay, on performance of feedlot calves. Twenty crossbred calves with 161 kg of initial body weight allocated in pens in groups of five were used. The four treatments empregated were: A) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Brachiaria&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;decumbens&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; hay (BRAD) 100% of rougaghe dry matter (DM); B) BRAD 73% + TP 27%; C) BRAD 46% + TP 54% and D) BRAD 19% + TP 81%. Four concentrates, composed by soybean meal, corn grain cracked and minerals, were used to maintain isocaloric and isoproteic diets. The average daily gain (ADG) was measured in 28 days intervals. The ADG (kg/day) was not affected by treatments (P&gt;0.05): A) 0.88; B) 1.07; C) 1.04 and D) 1.21. It was possible to substitute up to 80% of hay DM with TP without negative effects on ADG.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="western" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;KEY-WORDS: Byproducts; hay; ruminant; nutrition.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt

Melatonin induces the expression of Nrf2-regulated antioxidant enzymes via PKC and Ca2+ influx activation in mouse pancreatic acinar cells

The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor and the antioxidant-responsive element (Nrf2–ARE) signaling pathway in response to melatonin in isolated mouse pancreatic acinar cells. Changes in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration were followed by fluorimetric analysis of fura-2-loaded cells. The activations of PKC and JNK were measured by Western blot analysis. Quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction was employed to detect the expression of Nrf2-regulated antioxidant enzymes. Immunocytochemistry was employed to determine nuclear location of phosphorylated Nrf2, and the cellular redox state was monitored following MitoSOX Red-derived fluorescence. Our results show that stimulation of fura-2-loaded cells with melatonin (1 µM to 1 mM), in the presence of Ca2+ in the extracellular medium, induced a slow and progressive increase of [Ca2+]c toward a stable level. Melatonin did not inhibit the typical Ca2+ response induced by CCK-8 (1 nM). When the cells were challenged with indoleamine in the absence of Ca2+ in the extracellular solution (medium containing 0.5 mM EGTA) or in the presence of 1 mM LaCl3, to inhibit Ca2+ entry, we could not detect any change in [Ca2+]c. Nevertheless, CCK-8 (1 nM) was able to induce the typical mobilization of Ca2+. When the cells were incubated with the PKC activator PMA (1 µM) in the presence of Ca2+ in the extracellular medium, we observed a response similar to that noted when the cells were challenged with melatonin 100 µM. However, in the presence of Ro31-8220 (3 µM), a PKC inhibitor, stimulation of cells with melatonin failed to evoke changes in [Ca2+]c. Immunoblots, using an antibody specific for phospho-PKC, revealed that melatonin induces PKCα activation, either in the presence or in the absence of external Ca2+. Melatonin induced the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Nrf2, and evoked a concentration-dependent increase in the expression of the antioxidant enzymes NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1, catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase, and heme oxygenase-1. Incubation of MitoSOX Red-loaded pancreatic acinar cells in the presence of 1 nM CCK-8 induced a statistically significant increase in dye-derived fluorescence, reflecting an increase in oxidation, that was abolished by pretreatment of cells with melatonin (100 µM) or PMA (1 µM). On the contrary, pretreatment with Ro31-8220 (3 µM) blocked the effect of melatonin on CCK-8-induced increase in oxidation. Finally, phosphorylation of JNK in the presence of CCK-8 or melatonin was also observed. We conclude that melatonin, via modulation of PKC and Ca2+ signaling, could potentially stimulate the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response in mouse pancreatic acinar cells.This work was supported by Junta de Extremadura-FEDER. Patricia Santofimia-Castaño was granted a fellowship from Fundacion Tatiana Perez de Guzman el Bueno. J.P.B. is funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (SAF2013-41177-R), the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (RD12/0043/0021), the SP3-People-MC-ITN programme of the European Commission (608381), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (National Institutes of Health; 1R21DA037678-01), and the European Regional Development Fund.Peer Reviewe

AVALIAÇÃO DE HÍBRIDOS COMERCIAIS DE MILHO (Zea mays L.) VISANDO À PRODUÇÃO DE SILAGENS EVALUATION OF CORN HIBRIDS FOR SILAGE PRODUCTION

&lt;!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --&gt; &lt;p class="western" style="font-style: normal;" align="JUSTIFY"&gt;O trabalho objetivou avaliar o valor nutricional de seis híbridos de milho de ciclo precoce para produção de silagem. Os híbridos estudados, todos produzidos pela Cargill Agrícola S.A., foram: C901, C915, C125, C855, C808 e C805. A degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (DegMS) e fibra em detergente neutro (DegFDN), bem como a digestibilidade verdadeira in situ da MS (DISVMS), foram avaliadas utilizando três novilhas ExZ, com cânula no rúmen e recebendo ad libitum uma ração composta por silagem de resíduo de milho, farelo de soja e sal mineralizado. Após 13 dias de adaptação à ração, amostras de 3,5 g dos seis híbridos foram colocadas em sacolas de náilon de 12 x 7 cm e incubadas no rúmen por 6, 12, 24, 48 e 96 horas. As comparações entre médias foram feitas pelo teste de Tukey (p &lt; 0,10). Os resultados para DISVMS, DegMS (Potencial e Efetiva) e DegFDN (Potencial e Efetiva) foram: C901 - 81,1 ab.; 83,0 a.; 50,0 a.; 62,0 a.; 24,2; C9l5 - 81,5 a.; 83,2 a.; 52,0 a.; 54,2 bc.; 21,8; C125 - 72,8 c.; 74,9 c.; 43,7 bc.; 56,2 abc.; 21,4; C855 - 78,0 abc.; 78,4 b.; 43,2 c; 59,7 ab.; 23,5; C808 - 76,9 abc.; 78,0 b.; 49,0 ab.; 50,9 c.; 20,9; C805 - 76,0 bc.; 77,3 bc; 46,5 abc.; 57,0 abc; 23,1. Portanto, foi possível concluir que os híbridos C901 e C915 apresentaram o maior potencial para produção de silagem de alto valor nutritivo.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="western" style="font-style: normal;" align="JUSTIFY"&gt;PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Digestibilidade; degradabilidade; nutrição; ruminantes.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;!-- @page { margin: 2cm } --&gt;<br>&lt;!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --&gt; &lt;p class="western" style="font-style: normal;" align="JUSTIFY"&gt;The experiment was carried out to study the nutritional value of six corn hybrids for silage production. The hybrids studied were: C901, C915, C125, C855, C808 and C805. Three crossbred heifers with ruminal cannulas received ad libitum a diet composed by corn residue silage, soybean meal and minerals. The parameters evaluated were in situ degradability of dry matter (DegDM), neutral detergent fiber (DegFDN) and in situ digestibility of dry matter (ISDMD). After thirteen days of adaptation period to the ration, 3.5 g of corn samples were placed in nylon bags and incubated for 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 hours in the rumen. Averages were compared with the Tukey test (p &lt; 0.10). The results for DegDM (potential and effective), DegFDN (potential and effective) and JSDMD were: C901 - 81.1 ab.; 83.0 a.; 50.0 a.; 62.0 a.; 24.2; C9l5 - 81.5 a.; 83.2 a.; 52.0 a.; 54.2 bc.; 21.8; C125 - 72.8 c.; 74.9 c.; 43.7 bc.; 56.2 abc.; 21.4; C855 - 78.0 abc.; 78.4 b.; 43.2 c; 59.7 ab.; 23.5; C808 - 76.9 abc.; 78.0 b.; 49.0 ab.; 50.9 c.; 20.9; C805 - 76.0 bc.; 77.3 bc; 46.5 abc.; 57.0 abc; 23.1. It was possible to conclude that C915 and C901 show the highest potential for production of good nutritional value silages.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="western" style="font-style: normal;" align="JUSTIFY"&gt;KEY-WORDS: Degradability; digestibility; ruminant; nutrition.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;!-- @page { margin: 2cm } --&gt

Seleção estratégica de marcadores para detecção de locos para características quantitativas em aves

ABSTRACT: Selective genotyping for a certain trait in individuals with extreme phenotypes contributes sufficient information to determine linkage between molecular markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL). In this experiment an F2 population, developed by crossing males from a broiler line with females from a layer line, was employed to detect QTL on chromosomes 3 and 5. Twenty-eight performance and carcass traits were measured in F2 offspring, and phenotypic correlations between traits were calculated. Body weight at 42 days (BW42) presented the greatest positive correlations with most other traits, with correlation between body weights at 35 and 41 days, weight gain between birth and 35, 41 and 42 days, as well as weights of carcass and some body parts superior to 0.8. One hundred-and-seventy F2 offspring, representing the top (4.5%) and the bottom (4.5%) of a normal distribution curve of BW42, were selected with equal proportions of males and females, and within dam family. Samples were genotyped for 19 informative markers on chromosome 3, and 11 markers on chromosome 5. Marker allelic frequencies of phenotypic groups with high and low BW42 were compared with a chi-square test. Four regions on chromosome 3 and three regions on chromosome 5 had markers that were suggestively associated with BW42 (P < 0.10), confirming and expanding previous studies. ___________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMOA genotipagem seletiva de indivíduos com fenótipos extremos para uma determinada característica contribui com informação suficiente para determinar a ligação entre marcadores moleculares e locos para características quantitativas (QTL). Neste estudo uma população F2, formada a partir do cruzamento de uma linha parental de aves para corte com uma linha de postura foi empregada para obtenção de medidas fenotípicas e genotipagem por marcadores microssatélites, posicionados nos cromossomos 3 e 5. Foram medidas 28 características de desempenho e carcaça e determinada a correlação fenotípica entre elas. A característica peso vivo aos 42 dias (BW42) apresentou maior correlação positiva com a maioria das características, com correlação entre pesos vivos aos 35, 41 dias, ganhos de peso do nascimento aos 35, 41 e 42 dias, e pesos de carcaça e partes superiores a 0,8. Cento e setenta aves F2, representando 4,5% das aves mais leves e 4,5% das mais pesadas para BW42 foram selecionadas dentro de famílias, na mesma proporção de machos e fêmeas e genotipadas para 19 marcadores informativos no cromossomo 3 e 11 no cromossomo 5. As freqüências alélicas dos marcadores nos grupos fenotípicos de alto e baixo BW42 foram comparadas empregando teste de qui-quadrado. Foram identificadas quatro regiões no cromossomo 3 e três regiões no cromossomo 5 sugestivamente ligadas a QTL para BW42 (P < 0,10), confirmando e expandindo estudos anteriores de mapeamento de QTL em aves.Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária (FAV

Genetic linkage map of chicken chromosome 1 from a Brazilian resource population

A genetic map provides insight into genome organization and chromosomal location of markers and genes, and is important for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. The objective of this study was to use a Brazilian resource population to construct a linkage map for chicken chromosome 1. Eighty microsatellite markers were tested and 26 informative markers were typed in an experimental F2 population developed by two generations of crossbreeding between a broiler sire line and a layer line. A total of 649 F2 individuals from seven full-sib families with about 95 F2 offspring each were genotyped. Multi-locus linkage analysis resulted in a chromosome 1 map of 26 ordered markers. Locus order was in general agreement with other published linkage maps, except for two discrepancies: 1) order of loci MCW10 and MCW208 was reversed in this map relative to the Wageningen linkage map, 2) markers ADL234 and LEI68, that were mapped to the same position in Compton, East Lansing and Wageningen populations, were separated by a distance of 5.9 centimorgans in our population. The higher number of informative meioses from our population could explain these differences. This map is an important first step in our effort to map QTL in the Brazilian chicken resource population, and complements the international consensus map information