Recolección de tejidos biológicos para análisis genéticos

La información genética es una fuente de conocimiento fundamental para la gestión integral de la biodiversidad. Sin embargo, la baja disponibilidad de tejidos biológicos bien recolectados y preservados limita la integración de esta información en la toma de decisiones ambientales en países megadiversos, como Colombia. Aquí se presentan infográficamente las mejores prácticas de recolección de tejidos para una gran variedad de grupos biológicos, ofreciendo alternativas de muestreo que son prácticas bajo diferentes contextos. Cada capítulo es de la autoría de investigadores con experiencia en la recolección de tejidos en sus grupos de estudio y fue revisado científicamente por al menos dos evaluadores externos. Esta publicación ofrece la instrucción necesaria para recolectar muestras ambientales y de tejidos de plantas, macroalgas, hongos, corales, esponjas, zooplancton, macroinvertebrados acuáticos, crustáceos, moluscos, insectos, peces cartilaginosos, mamíferos acuáticos, peces óseos, anfibios, reptiles, aves y mamíferos terrestres siguiendo buenas prácticas de marcado, recolección y preservación. En la mayoría de estos grupos se presentan alternativas de muestreo no invasivo a partir de especímenes vivos y muestreo a partir de especímenes recién recolectados o depositados en colecciones biológicas, sin comprometer su integridad. Este trabajo hace parte de los alcances del programa Colombia BIO y constituye una síntesis de procedimientos útiles en campo y colecciones biológicas que busca incrementar la cantidad y calidad de las colecciones de tejidos y así fomentar la generación de información genética.Bogotá, D. C

A consensus protocol for functional connectivity analysis in the rat brain

International audienc

Ticagrelor in patients with diabetes and stable coronary artery disease with a history of previous percutaneous coronary intervention (THEMIS-PCI) : a phase 3, placebo-controlled, randomised trial

Background: Patients with stable coronary artery disease and diabetes with previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), particularly those with previous stenting, are at high risk of ischaemic events. These patients are generally treated with aspirin. In this trial, we aimed to investigate if these patients would benefit from treatment with aspirin plus ticagrelor. Methods: The Effect of Ticagrelor on Health Outcomes in diabEtes Mellitus patients Intervention Study (THEMIS) was a phase 3 randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, done in 1315 sites in 42 countries. Patients were eligible if 50 years or older, with type 2 diabetes, receiving anti-hyperglycaemic drugs for at least 6 months, with stable coronary artery disease, and one of three other mutually non-exclusive criteria: a history of previous PCI or of coronary artery bypass grafting, or documentation of angiographic stenosis of 50% or more in at least one coronary artery. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to either ticagrelor or placebo, by use of an interactive voice-response or web-response system. The THEMIS-PCI trial comprised a prespecified subgroup of patients with previous PCI. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (measured in the intention-to-treat population). Findings: Between Feb 17, 2014, and May 24, 2016, 11 154 patients (58% of the overall THEMIS trial) with a history of previous PCI were enrolled in the THEMIS-PCI trial. Median follow-up was 3·3 years (IQR 2·8–3·8). In the previous PCI group, fewer patients receiving ticagrelor had a primary efficacy outcome event than in the placebo group (404 [7·3%] of 5558 vs 480 [8·6%] of 5596; HR 0·85 [95% CI 0·74–0·97], p=0·013). The same effect was not observed in patients without PCI (p=0·76, p interaction=0·16). The proportion of patients with cardiovascular death was similar in both treatment groups (174 [3·1%] with ticagrelor vs 183 (3·3%) with placebo; HR 0·96 [95% CI 0·78–1·18], p=0·68), as well as all-cause death (282 [5·1%] vs 323 [5·8%]; 0·88 [0·75–1·03], p=0·11). TIMI major bleeding occurred in 111 (2·0%) of 5536 patients receiving ticagrelor and 62 (1·1%) of 5564 patients receiving placebo (HR 2·03 [95% CI 1·48–2·76], p<0·0001), and fatal bleeding in 6 (0·1%) of 5536 patients with ticagrelor and 6 (0·1%) of 5564 with placebo (1·13 [0·36–3·50], p=0·83). Intracranial haemorrhage occurred in 33 (0·6%) and 31 (0·6%) patients (1·21 [0·74–1·97], p=0·45). Ticagrelor improved net clinical benefit: 519/5558 (9·3%) versus 617/5596 (11·0%), HR=0·85, 95% CI 0·75–0·95, p=0·005, in contrast to patients without PCI where it did not, p interaction=0·012. Benefit was present irrespective of time from most recent PCI. Interpretation: In patients with diabetes, stable coronary artery disease, and previous PCI, ticagrelor added to aspirin reduced cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke, although with increased major bleeding. In that large, easily identified population, ticagrelor provided a favourable net clinical benefit (more than in patients without history of PCI). This effect shows that long-term therapy with ticagrelor in addition to aspirin should be considered in patients with diabetes and a history of PCI who have tolerated antiplatelet therapy, have high ischaemic risk, and low bleeding risk