Der Haftwasseranteil bei Heringsanlandungen über Bandwaagen

In 2004 the fish processing company Euro-Baltic Fischverarbeitungs GmbH Mukran, went into operation on the Isle of Rügen at the Baltic coast of Germany. About 20 % of the herring landed there is discharged from the cutters into the processing plant by pipes, driven by pumps, in case that the landed volume exceeds 10 t fresh weight. In such case the herring is transported in water suspension by means of a pressure-vacuum suction pump system into containers and further transported via conveyer belt to a flowscale. During this process most of the water runs off. It is however unknown how much water remains with the fish and is eventually weighted as fish. To estimate this proportion the mixture of water and fish was stored in special transport containers, which allow the measurement of the run-off. As a result the study shows that on average 2 % of weight measured by the tape scale is water. Along with this factors were determined which influence the variability of the proportion of water

Der Anteil Transportwasser bei Heringsanlandungen mittels Vakuumsauganlage in Großraumbehältern

Estimation of the water content of herring landings caused by pressure-vacuum double tank pumps and using of multi purpose transport containers About 80 % of herring that is landed in the fish processing company Euro-Baltic Fischverarbeitungs GmbH Mukran, on the Isle of Rügen at the Baltic coast is transported from the cutter into the processing plant by pumping. For this purpose 700 l-Euro-size polyethylene tubs (containers) are filled with herring by means of a pressure-vacuum pump-systems during the unloading of the cutter. To be able to pump the fish from the hold on board it is kept floating in water (transport water). At the end of the pumping/transporting process the fish ends in a dewatering box before reaching the tub, where the transport water is separated from the fish. Then, the not completely dewatered fish is slipped into the transport containers. The amount of transport water reaching the containers depends on the type of PV-equipment and on the amount of transport water in the fish holds of the different cutters. Methodologically the mixture of fish and water must be weighed together. For the experiments specially designed transport container were used which allow the measurement of the run-off of the water to be quantified and thus to measure the proportion of water remaining with the fish. Based on 30 experiments it could be shown that on average 6 % of remaining weight of the mixture is water. Furthermore, factors were detected which influence the variability of the proportion of water

The Dichotomy between Property Rules and Liability Rules: Experiences from German Law

Calabresi and Melamed delivered a powerful theory to explain under what conditions it is economically efficient to transfer a property right by voluntary and alternatively by involuntary transactions. In the first instance, the property right should be protected by a property rule or an injunction as well as by criminal law sanctions in order to prevent involuntary transactions altogether. In the second instance, it should be protected only by a liability rule that provides compensation for involuntary transactions. Their theory is normative in the sense that they defend involuntary transactions under one set of conditions and voluntary transactions under another. However, their analysis is also analytical insofar as it predicts an evolutionary pressure on legal norms to encourage voluntary or involuntary transactions if the conditions, which they identified, are met. This article describes two diametrically opposed legal changes in Germany. In nuisance law, the development was from voluntary to involuntary transactions, while in privacy law it was from involuntary to voluntary transactions. We try to make it clear that these developments were triggered by the underlying causes that Calabresi and Melamed identified in their seminal paper on property rules vs. liability rules

On the generation and role of eddy variability in the central North Atlantic Ocean: Results from surface drifters satellite altimetry and numerical modelling

Sources of near-surface oceanic variability in the central North Atlantic are identified from a combined analysis of climatology, surface drifter, and Geosat altimeter data as well as eddy-resolving math formula and math formula Community Modeling Effort North Atlantic model results. Both observational and numerical methods give a consistent picture of the concentration of mesoscale variability along the mean zonal flow bands. Three areas of high eddy energy can be found in all observational data sets: the North Equatorial Current, the North Atlantic Current, and the Azores Current. With increasing horizontal resolution the numerical models give a more realistic representation of the variability in the first two regimes, while no improvement is found with respect to the Azores Current Frontal Zone. Examination of the upper ocean hydrographic structure indicates baroclinic instability to be the main mechanism of eddy generation and suggests that the model deficiencies in the Azores Current area are related to deficiencies in the mean hydrographic fields. A linear instability analysis of the numerical model output reveals that instability based on the velocity shear between the mixed layer and the interior is also important for the generation of the mid-ocean variability, indicating a potential role of the mixed layer representation for the model. The math formula model successfully simulates the northward decrease of eddy length scales observed in the altimeter data, which follow a linear relationship with the first baroclinic Rossby radius. An analysis of the eddy-mean flow interaction terms and the energy budget indicates a release of mean potential energy by downgradient fluxes of heat in the main frontal zones. At the same time the North Atlantic Current is found to be supported by convergent eddy fluxes of zonal momentum

Interactive Quality Inspection of Measured Deviations in Sheet Metal Assemblies

We present an exploratory data analysis approach for finite element (FE) simulations to interactively inspect measured deviations in sheet metals arising in automotive applications. Exterior car body parts consist of large visible surfaces, and strict tolerances must be met by them to satisfy both aesthetic requirements and quality performance requirements. To fulfill quality requirements like gap and flushness, exterior vehicle components have adjustable mechanical boundaries. These boundaries are used to influence the shape and position of a sheet metal part relative to its chassis. We introduce a method that supports an inspection engineer with an interactive framework that makes possible a detailed analysis of measured sheet metal deviation fields generated from 3D scans. An engineer can interactively change boundary conditions and obtains the resulting deviation field in real-time. Thus, it is possible to determine viable and desirable adjustments efficiently, leading to time and cost savings in the assembly process

Automated design of multi-stage forging sequences for die forging

Forgings are produced in several process steps, the so-called forging sequence. The design of efficient forging sequences is a very complex and iterative development process. In order to automate this process and to reduce the development time, a method is presented here, which automatically generates multi-stage forging sequences for different forging geometries on the basis of the component geometry (STL file). The method was developed for closed die forging. The individual modules of this forging sequence design method (FSD method) as well as the functioning of the algorithm for the generation of the intermediate forms are presented. The method is applied to different forgings with different geometrical characteristics. The generated forging sequences are checked with FE simulations for the quality criteria form filling and freedom from folds. The simulation results show that the developed FSD method provides good approximate solutions for an initial design of forging sequences for closed die forging in a short time

A two-component regulatory system for self/non-self recognition in Ustilago maydis

AbstractIn U. maydis the multiallelic b locus controls sexual and pathogenic development. In the b locus a gene coding for a regulatory protein had been identified, and it was suggested that the interaction of two b polypeptides specified by different alleles programs sexual development in this fungus. We now demonstrate the existence of a second regulatory gene in the b locus. We term this gene bW and refer to the former as the bE gene. Both genes exist in many alleles. Although unrelated in primary sequence, both genes are similar in their overall organization. The gene products display allele-specific variability in their N-terminal domains, show a high degree of sequence conservation in the C-terminal domains, and contain a homeodomain-related motif. Genetic evidence is provided to show that the pair of bE and bW polypeptides encoded by different b alleles is the key regulatory species