Comparação de períodos de observação no teste de inoculação em camundongos para o isolamento do vírus da raiva

Mouse inoculation test (MIT) is routinely used in rabies diagnosis to attest the direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA), however there is no agreement on the minimum observation period. The aim of this study was to evaluate MIT with confirmation by DFA, comparing the diagnostic performance between seven and 21 days held in suckling and weaned mice. For this, 2,953 samples received for rabies diagnosis in the period of 2005- 2011 by Secretaria Municipal de Saúde da Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro were analyzed. Statistical analysis showed high diagnostic sensitivity (97.43%; 95.45%; 100%), and excellent agreement (99.76%; 99.29%; 98.71%) when comparing the results obtained in DFA with the results obtained from suckling mice observed along seven and 21 days and weaned mice respectively. These results infer that MIT performed in seven days using suckling mice enables early diagnosis of rabies, which can anticipate the decisions of health services involved with human prophylactic treatment services, as well as the epidemiological monitoring of rabies.O teste de inoculação intracerebral em camundongos (IC) é rotineiramente utilizado no diagnóstico da raiva para ratificar o teste de imunofluorescência direta (IFD); no entanto não existe concordância sobre o tempo mínimo de observação dos animais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a IC com confirmação por IFD, comparando o desempenho do diagnóstico em sete dias com aquele realizado em 21 dias de observação em camundongos lactentes e desmamados. Foram utilizadas 2.953 amostras de animais suspeitos, recebidas para diagnóstico de raiva no período de 2005 a 2011 na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde da Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A análise estatística demonstrou elevada sensibilidade do diagnóstico (97,43%; 95,45%; 100%) e excelente concordância (99,76%; 99,29%; 98,71%) ao comparar os resultados na IFD com os obtidos em camundongos lactentes observados por sete e 21 dias e desmamados, respectivamente. Estes resultados inferem que a IC realizada em sete dias em camundongos lactentes possibilita a precocidade do diagnóstico de raiva, o que pode antecipar a tomada de decisões dos serviços de saúde envolvidos com o tratamento profilático antirrábico humano, bem como as ações dos serviços de vigilância epidemiológica da doença

Enterococcus spp. Resistant to Multiple Antimicrobial Drugs and Determination of Fecal Contamination Levels in Mangrove Oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae)

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine and compare the Most Probable Number (MPN) of Total Coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. and to characterize the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Enterococcus spp. isolated from oysters collected in the Barra de Guaratiba Mangrove, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The enumeration of E. coli has been used to indicate fecal contamination and hygienic-sanitary conditions of bivalve molluscs. Enterococci are capable to transfer several antimicrobial resistance genes to pathogenic bacteria, including those from Gram-negative group. The oysters were bought from local fishermen and a total of 123 individuals were analyzed. The TC, E. coli and Enterococcus spp. MPN mean were 26,300/100 g, 3,260/100 g and 2,820/100 g, respectively. The only correlation found was between TC and E. coli. Two strains of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to three different antimicrobial categories, including a high level resistance to streptomycin. One strain presented intermediate resistance to vancomycin. The E. coli levels exceeded the limits established by international legislation. This microbiological contamination in oysters reflects the water pollution and indicates a probable contamination of other seafood species from this mangrove, which can represent a risk for consumers and a threat to the environment and public health