165 research outputs found

    Dehydrosqualene Desaturase as a Novel Target for Anti-Virulence Therapy against Staphylococcus aureus

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    Staphylococcus aureus, especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is a life-threatening pathogen in hospital- and community-acquired infections. The golden-colored carotenoid pigment of S. aureus, staphyloxanthin, contributes to the resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and host neutrophil-based killing. Here, we describe a novel inhibitor (NP16) of S. aureus pigment production that reduces the survival of S. aureus under oxidative stress conditions. Carotenoid components analysis, enzyme inhibition, and crtN mutational studies indicated that the molecular target of NP16 is dehydrosqualene desaturase (CrtN). S. aureus treated with NP16 showed increased susceptibility to human neutrophil killing and to innate immune clearance in a mouse infection model. Our study validates CrtN as a novel druggable target in S. aureus and presents a potent and effective lead compound for the development of virulence factor-based therapy against S. aureuspublished_or_final_versio

    Interleukin-22 Is Frequently Expressed in Small- and Large-Cell Lung Cancer and Promotes Growth in Chemotherapy-Resistant Cancer Cells

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    Introduction: In lung cancer, interleukin-22 (IL-22) expression within primary tissue has been demonstrated, but the frequency and the functional consequence of IL-22 signaling have not been addressed. This study aims at analyzing the cellular effects of IL-22 on lung carcinoma cell lines and the prognostic impact of IL-22 tissue expression in lung cancer patients. Methods: Biological effects of IL-22 signaling were investigated in seven lung cancer cell lines by Western blot, flow cytometry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and proliferation assays. Tumor tissue specimens of two cohorts with a total of 2300 lung cancer patients were tested for IL-22 expression by immunohistochemistry. IL-22 serum concentrations were analyzed in 103 additional patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: We found the IL-22 receptor 1 (IL-22-R1) to be expressed in six of seven lung cancer cell lines. However IL-22 signaling was functional in only four cell lines, where IL-22 induced signal transducer activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation and increased cell proliferation. Furthermore, IL-22 induced the expression of antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2, but did not rescue tumor cells from carboplatin-induced apoptosis. Cisplatin-resistant cell lines showed a significant up-regulation of IL-22-R1 along with a stronger proliferative response to IL-22 stimulation. IL-22 was preferentially expressed in small- and large-cell lung carcinoma (58% and 46% of cases, respectively). However, no correlation between IL-22 expression by immunohistochemistry and prognosis was observed. Conclusion: IL-22 is frequently expressed in lung cancer tissue. Enhanced IL-22-R1 expression and signaling in chemotherapy-refractory cell lines are indicative of a protumorigenic function of IL-22 and may contribute to a more aggressive phenotype

    Acapsular Staphylococcus aureus with a non-functional agr regains capsule expression after passage through the bloodstream in a bacteremia mouse model

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    Selection pressures exerted on Staphylococcus aureus by host factors during infection may lead to the emergence of regulatory phenotypes better adapted to the infection site. Traits convenient for persistence may be fixed by mutation thus turning these mutants into microevolution endpoints. The feasibility that stable, non-encapsulated S. aureus mutants can regain expression of key virulence factors for survival in the bloodstream was investigated. S. aureus agr mutant HU-14 (IS256 insertion in agrC) from a patient with chronic osteomyelitis was passed through the bloodstream using a bacteriemia mouse model and derivative P3.1 was obtained. Although IS256 remained inserted in agrC, P3.1 regained production of capsular polysaccharide type 5 (CP5) and staphyloxanthin. Furthermore, P3.1 expressed higher levels of asp23/SigB when compared with parental strain HU-14. Strain P3.1 displayed decreased osteoclastogenesis capacity, thus indicating decreased adaptability to bone compared with strain HU-14 and exhibited a trend to be more virulent than parental strain HU-14. Strain P3.1 exhibited the loss of one IS256 copy, which was originally located in the HU-14 noncoding region between dnaG (DNA primase) and rpoD (sigA). This loss may be associated with the observed phenotype change but the mechanism remains unknown. In conclusion, S. aureus organisms that escape the infected bone may recover the expression of key virulence factors through a rapid microevolution pathway involving SigB regulation of key virulence factors.Fil: Suligoy Lozano, Carlos Mauricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; ArgentinaFil: Díaz, Rocío E.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; ArgentinaFil: Gehrke, Ana-katharina Elsa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; ArgentinaFil: Ring, Natalie. University of Edinburgh; Reino UnidoFil: Yebra, Gonzalo. University of Edinburgh; Reino UnidoFil: Alves, Joana. University of Edinburgh; Reino UnidoFil: Gómez, Marisa Ileana. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; ArgentinaFil: Wendler, Sindy. UniversitÀtsklinikum Jena Und Medizinische FakultÀt; AlemaniaFil: Fitzgerald, J. Ross. University of Edinburgh; Reino UnidoFil: Tuchscherr, Lorena. Jena University Hospital; AlemaniaFil: Löffler, Bettina. Jena University Hospital; AlemaniaFil: Sordelli, Daniel Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; ArgentinaFil: Noto Llana, Mariangeles. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; ArgentinaFil: Buzzola, Fernanda Roxana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica; Argentin

    The Staphylococcus aureus Response to Unsaturated Long Chain Free Fatty Acids: Survival Mechanisms and Virulence Implications

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    Staphylococcus aureus is an important human commensal and opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of infections. Long chain unsaturated free fatty acids represent a barrier to colonisation and infection by S. aureus and act as an antimicrobial component of the innate immune system where they are found on epithelial surfaces and in abscesses. Despite many contradictory reports, the precise anti-staphylococcal mode of action of free fatty acids remains undetermined. In this study, transcriptional (microarrays and qRT-PCR) and translational (proteomics) analyses were applied to ascertain the response of S. aureus to a range of free fatty acids. An increase in expression of the σB and CtsR stress response regulons was observed. This included increased expression of genes associated with staphyloxanthin synthesis, which has been linked to membrane stabilisation. Similarly, up-regulation of genes involved in capsule formation was recorded as were significant changes in the expression of genes associated with peptidoglycan synthesis and regulation. Overall, alterations were recorded predominantly in pathways involved in cellular energetics. In addition, sensitivity to linoleic acid of a range of defined (sigB, arcA, sasF, sarA, agr, crtM) and transposon-derived mutants (vraE, SAR2632) was determined. Taken together, these data indicate a common mode of action for long chain unsaturated fatty acids that involves disruption of the cell membrane, leading to interference with energy production within the bacterial cell. Contrary to data reported for other strains, the clinically important EMRSA-16 strain MRSA252 used in this study showed an increase in expression of the important virulence regulator RNAIII following all of the treatment conditions tested. An adaptive response by S. aureus of reducing cell surface hydrophobicity was also observed. Two fatty acid sensitive mutants created during this study were also shown to diplay altered pathogenesis as assessed by a murine arthritis model. Differences in the prevalence and clinical importance of S. aureus strains might partly be explained by their responses to antimicrobial fatty acids

    Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis

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    Als ein Mitglied der Thrombospondin-Gen-Familie, ist das Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) hauptsĂ€chlich in der extrazellulĂ€ren Matrix zu finden. Eine hĂ€ufige Bindung an Knorpel konnte bereits nachgewiesen werten. Weiter ist COMP in SynovialflĂŒssigkeiten und dem Bandhalteapparat nachweisbar. Es konnten bereits verschiedene Bindungs-möglichkeiten sowie eine Beteiligung an der Chondrogenese in vitro nachgewiesen werden. Über die Funktion von COMP in menschlichem Knorpel in vivo ist noch nicht viel bekannt. Mit Hilfe von licht- und elektronenmikroskopischer Immunhistochemie sowie In-situ-Hybridisierung war es unser Ziel mehr ĂŒber die Rolle von COMP in menschlichen Knorpel Erwachsener herauszufinden. Hierzu wurde gesunder und osteoarthrotischer Knorpel untersucht. In gesundem sowie arthrotischem Knorpelgewebe konnte eine Sekretion von COMP nachgewiesen werden, wobei COMP hĂ€ufig mit Kollagenfasern assoziiert ist.Im Rahmen der In-situ-Hybridisierung konnte bei den Versuchen am arthrotischen Knorpelgewebe beobachtet werden, dass in der Randzone zum Hauptdefekt eine fĂŒnffach höhere Menge an COMP-mRNA von den Chondrozyten produziert worden ist, als in dem makroskopisch gesund erscheinenden Knorpelregionen. Die Ergebnisse der Erhöhung von COMP im Rahmen der Osteoarthrose und das breite Bindungsspektrum des Proteins weisen darauf hin, dass es im Rahmen der Pathogenese der Arthrosis deformans von den Chondrozyten synthetisiert wird um einem Untergang der Knorpelmatrix entgegenzuwirken

    Expression der mTOR Kinase in SpeicheldrĂŒsentumoren - ein potentielles therapeutisches Target?

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    Immunhistochemische Analyse des prognostischen Wertes von ERCC1 und XPA in Patienten mit Kopf-Hals-Tumoren

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    Einleitung: ERCC1 und XPA sind Kernproteine der Nukleotidexzisionsreparatur (NER) und in der DNA-Adduktreparatur wirksam. DNA-Addukte entstehen u.a. durch Gabe cis-Platin basierter Chemotherapien. ERCC1 und XPA könnte daher eine besondere Bedeutung hinsichtlich des Therapieansprechens und der Auswirkung auf das GesamtĂŒberleben beigemessen werden. Methodik: Es wurden Gewebeproben eines Micro-Tissue-Arrays von 294 Patienten mit Plattenepithelcarcinomen der Kopf-Hals-Region untersucht. Die angefertigte Schnitte wurden mittels immunhistochemischer FĂ€rbung hinsichtlich ERCC1 und XPA Expression aufgearbeitet. Die AusprĂ€gungsgrade der immunhistochemischen FĂ€rbung wurden dichotomisiert und das rezidivfreie sowie GesamtĂŒberleben mittels Kaplan-Meier-Kurven veranschaulicht. Ergebnisse: Die Analyse aller Kopf-Hals-Tumore konnte keinen Zusammenhang zwischen ERCC1- und XPA-Expression und rezidivfreien sowie GesamtĂŒberleben aufzeigen. Eine erhöhte ERCC1 Expression im Bereich der Mundhöhle war jedoch mit einem signifikant schlechteren GesamtĂŒberleben vergesellschaftet ist (p=0,0279). Dieses Ergebnis konnte in einer multivariaten Analyse weiterhin bestĂ€tigt und somit ERCC1 als unabhĂ€ngiger prognostischer Marker identifiziert werden (p=0,0123). Eine hohe XPA Expression wies dagegen im Bereich des Oropharynx ein verbessertes GesamtĂŒberleben auf (p=0,0386), wĂ€hrend sich im Bereich der Mundhöhle eine Tendenz zu einem schlechteren Überleben zeigte. Diskussion: Vorliegende Studie konnte ein lokoregionĂ€r spezifisches, prognostisches Potential von ERCC1 und XPA zeigen. Tumore unterschiedlicher anatomischer Untereinheiten im Kopf-Hals-Bereich bedĂŒrfen daher der separaten Betrachtung ihres des Therapieansprechens sowie der damit verbundenen Auswirkung auf das Gesamt- und rezidivfreie Überleben.Der Erstautor gibt keinen Interessenkonflikt an
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