Conditional Income Transfer and Poverty Reduction: The Crossroads of the Bolsa Família Program for Economic and Social Emancipation

The Bolsa Fam lia Program is a Brazilian conditional cash transfer program identified by the World Bank as one of the most efficient cash transfer models in the world The purpose of this article is to report the results of a survey that investigated the program s capacity to reverse the intergenerational cycle of poverty in Brazil The focus of the research qualitative in the method exploratory in the purpose used documentary research and data collection oriented to contribute to the process of evaluation of public policies and above all to the improvement of a social program of proven effectiveness The research revealed that the absence of a great exit door from the program tends to perpetuate exactly what the program intended to eradicate making it a program that mitigates the adversities of the economic need of the beneficiary families but with a reduced capacity to promote economic and social emancipatio

The Brazilian states’ debt process in the federative context: an analysis from 1960 to 2016

This article aims to discuss the determinants of debt of Brazilian states and how it has become the central element to justify adjustments of the subnational level. The paper collected information from public agencies and official government documents despite the fiscal and financial conditions of the states, as well as a historical rescue of the debt process. After the analysis of the trajectory of these debts in the period from 1960 to 2016, we observed that the Brazilian states suffered severe adjustments, incurring revenue and equity losses. The discourse of fiscal indiscipline and mismanagement of the public debt at the subnational level is incoherent to legitimize the federative crisis

Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≥ II, EF ≤35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation

Planejamento e gestão urbana : uma analise critica da experiencia brasileira

Orientador: Carlos Americo PachecoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de EconomiaResumo: Esta dissertação busca compreender o intenso processo de urbanização ocorrido no país, a partir dos anos 60, e discutir criticamente a experiência brasileira no planejamento e na gestão urbana. Com isto, pretende-se encontrar respostas para o problema central deste estudo, ou seja, se houve ou não, incongruências entre a natureza do processo de urbanização e as intervenções realizadas pelo Governo Federal nas áreas urbanas. A conclusão possibilitará compreender o crescente processo de exclusão social e segregação espacial presentes nas grandes metrópoles, bem como o entendimento da trajetória assumida pelo desenvolvimento urbano brasileiroMestradoEconomia Regional e UrbanaMestre em Desenvolvimento Econômic

The diaspora of the real estate capital, dynamics of valorization and the city in the contemporary capitalism : the irrationality in process

Orientador: Ana Cristina de Almeida FernandesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de EconomiaResumo: A problemática fundamental da tese é compreender, a partir de incursões teóricas e empíricas, a estreita imbricação entre o capital financeiro e o capital imobiliário, que procuram interagir de maneira sistêmica para potencializar a acumulação de capital. Desta maneira, será possível realizar uma reflexão teórica não somente acerca das articulações e conflitos existentes entre os agentes que participam do processo de apropriação do espaço urbano, mas, sobretudo, compreender a força do capital financeiro imobiliário no capitalismo contemporâneo. Não obstante, procura-se enfatizar em diversos momentos do trabalho que não se trata de uma relação recente entre essas duas frações do capital, mas de uma relação que adquire contornos diferenciados no capitalismo contemporâneo, onde o padrão de acumulação está baseado predominantemente na financeirização. Num contexto em que o setor imobiliário emerge como alvo privilegiado do investimento realizado por grandes investidores institucionais e por instituições financeiras bancárias e não-bancárias, o capital financeiro imobiliário surge como resultado de uma busca incessante para ¿revolucionar¿ as formas de acumulação de capital, decorrentes da exploração de ativos imobiliários. Para tanto, um conjunto de inovações financeiras são implementadas, por meio de novos instrumentos e novas formas de atuação do capital imobiliário, no sentido de reduzir as barreiras aos investimentos em ativos imobiliários e maximizar os lucros provenientes do mercado imobiliário. Com isso, uma sagrada trindade se estabelece entre o capital financeiro, as inovações financeiras e o capital imobiliário. A emergência do capital financeiro imobiliário torna-se um elemento chave para compreender a dinâmica da economia contemporânea, em virtude de sua capacidade de participar ativamente do processo de acumulação e de sincronizar seu poder destrutivo, quando se torna um turbilhão especulativo. Essa última dimensão do capital imobiliário se tornou bastante evidente com a crise econômica desencadeada pelo estouro da bolha imobiliária no Japão no início da década de 1990Abstract:The main issue to be dealt with in this thesis is realizing, by means of empirical and theoretical findings, what is the tight bond between financial capital and real estate capital, which interact in a systematic way so that capital accumulation becomes more powerful. By doing so it will be possible to build up a theoretical reflection ¿ not only on the connections and conflicts between the agents who take part in the process of urban spaces appropriation, but, above all ¿ to understand the power of real estate financial capital in contemporary capitalism. However, it is strongly emphasized throughout the text that this doesn¿t mean there is just a relation between these two fractions of capital; instead, it is shown that they combine themselves into a relation which acquires specific features of nowadays capitalistic system, whose capital accumulation standard remains mainly based on financialization. Within a context in which real estate economic sector becomes the primary target of investment brought about by large institutional investors and by banking or non-banking institutions, real estate financial capital rises as a result of a non-stopping search for ¿revolutionizing¿ capital accumulation forms, through the exploitation of real estate assets. To make it possible, a whole collection of financial innovations are implemented, by means of new instruments and new ways of performing real estate capital accumulation; these new paths mean lowering the regulation regarding investment on real estate assets and maximizing real estate market profits. A holy trinity rises as an outcome of this process: financial capital related to financial innovations and real estate capital. The emergence of real estate financial capital becomes a key-element for understanding the dynamics of contemporary economics, due to its power of commanding the dynamics of capital accumulation process and synchronizing its destructive power, whenever it turns into a speculative spiral. This last particular aspect of real estate capital has become quite evident after the economic crisis set off by the blowing of a real estate speculative bubble in Japan, in the beginning of the 1990¿sDoutoradoDesenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio AmbienteDoutor em Desenvolvimento Economic

FEDERALISMO FISCAL, EQUALIZAÇÃO DE RENDA INSTITUCIONAL E A POLÍTICA NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO REGIONAL (PNDR): UMA ANÁLISE COM DADOS EM PAINEL

The paper proposes a reflection on the complexity involving the misallocation of institutional income in Brazil, through the analysis of imbalances of institutional income and fiscal management of subnational entities. The inter and intra-regional income disparity is high and equalization mechanisms are ineffective to equate the vertical gap and the horizontal gap, which shows the need for continuous improvement of the institutions responsible for relations and federal policies. The idea is that the vision of territorial planning ad opted by the National Policy for Regional Development (PNDR) to reduce regional disparities should consider addressing the gap sand weaknesses of fiscal federal entities. The results found may indicate a situation of heterogeneity between the groups, however, the focus of analysis followed for a finding of internal heterogeneity in each group. In this sense, the research allowed, above all, to highlight problems such as the precariousness of the Brazilian tax system and municipal fiscal policies, and can subsidize an agenda of policy-related proposals, such as a PNDR, of legislative and institutional changes in the regional theme.O artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre a complexidade que envolve a má distribuição de renda institucional no Brasil, através da análise dos desequilíbrios da renda institucional e da gestão fiscal dos entes subnacionais. A disparidade inter e intrarregional de renda é elevada e os mecanismos de equalização são pouco efetivos para equacionar o vertical gap e o horizontal gap, o que mostra a necessidade de aperfeiçoamento permanente das instituições responsáveis pelas relações e políticas federativas. A ideia é de que a visão de planejamento territorial adotada pela Política Nacional de Desenvolvimento regional (PNDR) para reduzir os desequilíbrios regionais deveria considerar o enfrentamento dos hiatos e das fragilidades fiscais dos entes federativos. Os resultados encontrados podem indicar uma possível existência de heterogeneidade entre os grupos, porém, o foco das análises seguiu para a constatação de uma heterogeneidade interna a cada grupo. Neste sentido, o trabalho permitiu, sobretudo, evidenciar os problemas e as precariedades do sistema fiscal brasileiro e das políticas fiscais municipais, podendo subsidiar uma agenda de propostas ligadas às políticas, como a PNDR, de mudanças legislativas e institucionais na temática regional

Persistent efficacy of 3.5% doramectin compared to 3.15% ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes in experimentally-infected cattle in Brazil

The present study aimed to evaluate the persistent efficacy of a 3.5% doramectin* (700μg/kg) formulation compared to 3.15% ivermectin** (630μg/kg) treatment, administered subcutaneously at a dose of 1mL/50kg body weight in cattle experimentally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Seventy-two male crossbred Holstein cattle that were negative for helminth infection were divided into nine groups. Treatments of 3.5% doramectin (Groups 2, 4, 6 and 8) and 3.15% ivermectin (Groups 3, 5, 7 and 9) were administered on days 49, 42, 35 and 28 prior to challenge with infectious nematode larvae (L3). Animals in the control group (Group 1) received saline solution on day 49 before challenge. Beginning on day zero, each animal received 50mL orally of a mixed culture containing approximately 3,000 third stage larvae (L3) of Haemonchus (60%), Oesophagostomum (20%), Cooperia (15%) and Trichostrongylus (5%) for seven consecutive days, resulting in a total challenge of 21,000 larvae/animal. Due to the large number of cattle, autopsies were performed between days 28 and 35 after the last day of inoculation. The formulation containing doramectin (700 mcg/kg) achieved persistent efficacy against H. placei and C. punctata for 49 and 35days, respectively. The persistent efficacy of ivermectin (630 mcg/kg) against H. placei lasted for 49days, but this treatment was ineffective against C. punctata. Both formulations demonstrated persistent efficacy against T. axei for 49days. The persistent efficacy of doramectin (700 mcg/kg) and ivermectin (630 mcg/kg) lasted for 49 and 42days against O. radiatum, respectively. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd