100 research outputs found
Exploration de nouvelles frontiÚres pour l'accÚs à l'éducation supérieure : les MOOC
Comprend des rĂ©fĂ©rences bibliographiques.Les massive online open courses (MOOC) sont des formations ouvertes, offertes en ligne, souvent gratuites, pouvant regrouper des milliers dâĂ©tudiants, et proposĂ©es, Ă ce jour, par les seules universitĂ©s. Bien que thĂ©oriquement disponibles Ă tous, elles ne sont donc entiĂšrement adaptĂ©es Ă chacun des niveaux de notre systĂšme dâĂ©ducation. Pourtant, elles permettent de fournir un enseignement rĂ©pondant aux besoins les plus variĂ©s. Menant, en outre, Ă une reconnaissance dans certains Ă©tablissements, elles ont le potentiel de devenir un important facteur dâaccroissement de lâaccĂšs aux Ă©tudes supĂ©rieures et dâaugmenter les chances de rĂ©ussite des Ă©tudiants. DispensĂ©s dans un contexte particuliĂšrement souple, les MOOC dĂ©multiplient les avenues que peut prendre chacun pour se perfectionner ou pour parfaire son Ă©ducation. Ils induisent aussi une mondialisation de lâindustrie du savoir - dâoĂč, peut-ĂȘtre, leur popularitĂ© internationale. Les collĂšges se doivent aujourdâhui de prendre position par rapport aux nombreuses opportunitĂ©s que prĂ©sentent les MOOC. VoilĂ , notamment, ce que cet article, rĂ©digĂ© par plusieurs spĂ©cialistes de la question, nous enseigne
Evaluating the impact of curfews and other measures on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in French Guiana.
While general lockdowns have proven effective to control SARS-CoV-2 epidemics, they come with enormous costs for society. It is therefore essential to identify control strategies with lower social and economic impact. Here, we report and evaluate the control strategy implemented during a large SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in June-July 2020 in French Guiana that relied on curfews, targeted lockdowns, and other measures. We find that the combination of these interventions coincided with a reduction in the basic reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2 from 1.7 to 1.1, which was sufficient to avoid hospital saturation. We estimate that thanks to the young demographics, the risk of hospitalisation following infection was 0.3 times that of metropolitan France and that about 20% of the population was infected by July. Our model projections are consistent with a recent seroprevalence study. The study showcases how mathematical modelling can be used to support healthcare planning in a context of high uncertainty
Impact of Zika Virus Emergence in French Guiana: A Large General Population Seroprevalence Survey.
BACKGROUND: Since the identification of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil in May 2015, the virus has spread throughout the Americas. However, ZIKV burden in the general population in affected countries remains unknown. METHODS: We conducted a general population survey in the different communities of French Guiana through individual interviews and serologic survey during June-October 2017. All serum samples were tested for anti-ZIKV immunoglobulin G antibodies using a recombinant antigen-based SGERPAxMap microsphere immunoassay, and some of them were further evaluated through anti-ZIKV microneutralization tests. RESULTS: The overall seroprevalence was estimated at 23.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.9%-25.9%) among 2697 participants, varying from 0% to 45.6% according to municipalities. ZIKV circulated in a large majority of French Guiana but not in the most isolated forest areas. The proportion of reported symptomatic Zika infection was estimated at 25.5% (95% CI, 20.3%-31.4%) in individuals who tested positive for ZIKV. CONCLUSIONS: This study described a large-scale representative ZIKV seroprevalence study in South America from the recent 2015-2016 Zika epidemic. Our findings reveal that the majority of the population remains susceptible to ZIKV, which could potentially allow future reintroductions of the virus
Spatial Distribution and Burden of Emerging Arboviruses in French Guiana.
Despite the health, social and economic impact of arboviruses in French Guiana, very little is known about the extent to which infection burden is shared between individuals. We conducted a large multiplexed serological survey among 2697 individuals from June to October 2017. All serum samples were tested for IgG antibodies against DENV, CHIKV, ZIKV and MAYV using a recombinant antigen-based microsphere immunoassay with a subset further evaluated through anti-ZIKV microneutralization tests. The overall DENV seroprevalence was estimated at 73.1% (70.6-75.4) in the whole territory with estimations by serotype at 68.9% for DENV-1, 38.8% for DENV-2, 42.3% for DENV-3, and 56.1% for DENV-4. The overall seroprevalence of CHIKV, ZIKV and MAYV antibodies was 20.3% (17.7-23.1), 23.3% (20.9-25.9) and 3.3% (2.7-4.1), respectively. We provide a consistent overview of the burden of emerging arboviruses in French Guiana, with useful findings for risk mapping, future prevention and control programs. The majority of the population remains susceptible to CHIKV and ZIKV, which could potentially facilitate the risk of further re-emergences. Our results underscore the need to strengthen MAYV surveillance in order to rapidly detect any substantial changes in MAYV circulation patterns
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Reconstructing Mayaro virus circulation in French Guiana shows frequent spillovers
Funder: This study was supported by the âEuropean Regional Development Fundâ under EPI-ARBO grant agreement (GY0008695), the âRegional Health Agency of French Guianaâ, the âNational Center of Spatial Studiesâ. CF acknowledges funding from Calmette and Yersin allocated by the âPasteur Institut Department of International Affairsâ. N.H. and S.C. acknowledge financial support from the AXA Research Fund, the Investissement dâAvenir program, the Laboratoire dâExcellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases program (Grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), the Models of Infectious Disease Agent Study of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005), the European Unionâs Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under ZIKAlliance grant agreement No 734548.Abstract: Characterizing the circulation of Mayaro virus (MAYV), an emerging arbovirus threat, is essential for risk assessment but challenging due to cross-reactivity with other alphaviruses such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Here, we develop an analytical framework to jointly assess MAYV epidemiology and the extent of cross-reactivity with CHIKV from serological data collected throughout French Guiana (N = 2697). We find strong evidence of an important sylvatic cycle for MAYV with most infections occurring near the natural reservoir in rural areas and in individuals more likely to go to the forest (i.e., adult males) and with seroprevalences of up to 18% in some areas. These findings highlight the need to strengthen MAYV surveillance in the region and showcase how modeling can improve interpretation of cross-reacting assays
One assay to test them all: Multiplex assays for expansion of respiratory virus surveillance
Molecular multiplex assays (MPAs) for simultaneous detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in a single RT-PCR reaction reduce time and increase efficiency to identify multiple pathogens with overlapping clinical presentation but different treatments or public health implications. Clinical performance of XpertXpressÂź SARS-CoV-2/Flu/RSV (Cepheid, GX), TaqPathâą COVIDâ19, FluA/B, RSV Combo kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, TP), and PowerChekâą SARS-CoV-2/Influenza A&B/RSV Multiplex RT-PCR kit II (KogeneBiotech, PC) was compared to individual Standards of Care (SoC). Thirteen isolates of SARS-CoV-2, human seasonal influenza, and avian influenza served to assess limit of detection (LoD). Then, positive and negative residual nasopharyngeal specimens, collected under public health surveillance and pandemic response served for evaluation. Subsequently, comparison of effectiveness was assessed. The three MPAs confidently detect all lineages of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses. MPA-LoDs vary from 1 to 2 Log10 differences from SoC depending on assay and strain. Clinical evaluation resulted in overall agreement between 97 and 100%, demonstrating a high accuracy to detect all targets. Existing differences in costs, testing burden and implementation constraints influence the choice in primary or community settings. TP, PC and GX, reliably detect SARS-CoV-2, influenza and RSV simultaneously, with reduced time-to-results and simplified workflows. MPAs have the potential to enhance diagnostics, surveillance system, and epidemic response to drive policy on prevention and control of viral respiratory infections
A Bag of Expression framework for improved human action recognition
The Bag of Words (BoW) approach has been widely used for human action recognition in recent state-of-the-art methods. In this paper, we introduce what we call a Bag of Expression (BoE) framework, based on the bag of words method, for recognizing human action in simple and realistic scenarios. The proposed approach includes space time neighborhood information in addition to visual words. The main focus is to enhance the existing strengths of the BoW approach like view independence, scale invariance and occlusion handling. BOE includes independent pairs of neighbors for building expressions, therefore it is tolerant to occlusion and capable of handling view independence up to some extent in realistic scenarios. Our main contribution includes learning a class specific visual words extraction approach for establishing a relationship between these extracted visual words in both space and time dimension. Finally, we have carried out a set of experiments to optimize different parameters and compare its performance with recent state-of-the-art-methods. Our approach outperforms existing Bag of Words based approaches, when evaluated using the same performance evaluation methods. We tested our approach on four publicly available datasets for human action recognition i.e. UCF-Sports, KTH, UCF11 and UCF50 and achieve significant results i.e. 97.3%, 99.5%, 96.7% and 93.42% respectively in terms of average accuracy.Sergio A Velastin has received funding from the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, the European Unions Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement nÂș 600371, el Ministerio de EconomĂa, Industria y Competitividad (COFUND2013-51509) el Ministerio de EducaciĂłn, Cultura y Deporte (CEI-15-17) and Banco Santander
Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG at the first epidemic peak in French Guiana, July 2020.
Funder: National Research AgencyFunder: Regional Health Agency of French GuianaFunder: Institut Pasteur Urgence COVID-19 fundraisingBACKGROUND: While Latin America has been heavily affected by the pandemic, only a few seroprevalence studies have been conducted there during the first epidemic wave in the first half of 2020. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A cross-sectional survey was performed between 15 July 2020 and 23 July 2020 among individuals who visited 4 medical laboratories or 5 health centers for routine screening or clinical management, with the exception of symptomatic suggestive cases of covid-19. Samples were screened for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG directed against domain S1 of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using the anti-SARS-CoV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from Euroimmun. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The overall seroprevalence was 15.4% [9.3%-24.4%] among 480 participants, ranging from 4.0% to 25.5% across the different municipalities. The seroprevalence did not differ according to gender (p = 0.19) or age (p = 0.51). Among SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals, we found that 24.6% [11.5%-45.2%] reported symptoms consistent with COVID-19. Our findings revealed high levels of infection across the territory but a low number of resulting deaths, which can be explained by French Guiana's young population structure
GrĂŒndtlicher Underricht von Auffrichtung unnd Erbawung der Vestungen : sampt darzu gesetzter notwendiger Anleitung, wie mann sich nicht allein an allen und jeden Orten wol bevestigen, sondern zu mal auch mannlich weeren, beschĂŒtzen und defendieren soll ...
erstlich durch ... Claude Flamand ... in frantzösischer Sprach beschrieben unnd in Truck verfertiget, auch seithero zum andern Mahl widerumb ubersehen, gebessert unnd gemehret. Nun aber ... in unser geliebte Mutersprach ... versetzet und gebracht durch Hannss Conrad Wielanden, den jĂŒnger
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