Space activities in Glasgow; advanced microspacecraft from Scotland

The City of Glasgow is renowned for its engineering and technological innovation; famous Glaswegian inventors and academics include James Watt (Steam Engine) and John Logie Baird (television), amongst many others. Contemporary Glasgow continues to pioneer and invent in a multitude of areas of science and technology and has become a centre of excellence in many fields of engineering; including spacecraft engineering. This paper will discuss how Clyde Space Ltd and the space groups at both Glasgow and Strathclyde Universities are combining their knowledge and expertise to develop an advanced microspacecraft platform that will enable a step change in the utility value of miniature spacecraft. The paper will also explore how the relationship between the academic and industrial partners works in practice and the steps that have been taken to harness resulting innovation to create space industry jobs within a city that was, until recently, void of any commercial space activity

An Optics Field Site for Auroral Studies

The earlier orbits and ephemerides for the Soviet satellites were not sufficiently accurate to be very useful in making observations in Alaska. Extrapolations from our own observations gave better predictions. This merely pointed out the fact that rough observations of meridian transits at high latitudes will give better values of the inclination of the orbit than precision observations at low latitudes. Hence, it was decided to observe visually the meridian transits estimating the altitude by noting the position with respect to the stars or using crude alidade measurements. The times of the earlier observations were observed on a watch or clock and the clock correction obtained from WWV. Later the times were determined with the aid of stop watches, taking time intervals from WWV signals. This rather meager program of optical observations of the Soviet satellites was undertaken to give supplementary data for use of the radio observations, and particularly to assist in the prediction of position of the satellite so that the 61-foot radar of Stanford Research Institute could be set accurately enough to observe it (the beam width at the half-power points is about 3°). This report contains primarily the visual observations made at the Geophysical Institute by various members of the staff, and a series of observations by Olaf Halverson at Nome, Alaska. In addition there is a short discussion of the geometry of the trajectory, the illumination of a circumpolar satellite, and a note on the evaluation of Brouwer's moment factors.IGY Project No. 1.14 NSF Grant No. Y/1.14/1771. Introduction -- 2. General Construction -- [3. Operation of Instruments] 3.1 Sky view and location -- 3.2 Supports for instruments -- 3.3 Facilities for each major instrument : a) Hunten scanning spectrometer ; b) IGY patrol spectrograph ; c) College meridian mirror spectrograph ; d) Huet prism spectrograph ; e) Roach scanning photometer ; f) All-sky camera ; g) Future installations -- 4. Auxiliary Facilities : 4.1 Electric power; circuit details ; 4.2 Other services -- 5. SummaryYe

The response of self-graviting protostellar discs to slow reduction in cooling timescale: the fragmentation boundary revisited

A number of previous studies of the fragmentation of self-gravitating protostellar discs have modeled radiative cooling with a cooling timescale (t_{cool}) parameterised as a simple multiple (beta_{cool}) of the local dynamical timescale. Such studies have delineated the `fragmentation boundary' in terms of a critical value of beta_{cool} (beta_{crit}), where the disc fragments if beta_{cool} < beta_{crit}. Such an approach however begs the question of how in reality a disc could ever be assembled with beta_{cool} < beta_{crit}. Here we adopt the more realistic approach of gradually reducing beta_{cool}, as might correspond to changes in thermal regime due to secular changes in the disc density profile. We find that when beta_{cool} is gradually reduced (on a timescale longer than t_{cool}), the disc is stabilised against fragmentation, compared with models in which beta_{cool} is reduced rapidly. We therefore conclude that a disc's ability to remain in a self-regulated, self-gravitating state (without fragmentation) is partly dependent on its thermal history, as well as its current cooling rate. Nevertheless, a slow reduction in t_{cool} appears only to lower the fragmentation boundary by about a factor two in t_{cool} and thus only permits maximum alpha values (parameterising the efficiency of angular momentum transfer in the disc) that are about a factor two higher than determined hitherto. Our results therefore do not undermine the notion of a fundamental upper limit to the heating rate that can be delivered by gravitational instabilities before the disc is subject to fragmentation. An important implication of this work, therefore, is that self-gravitating discs can enter into the regime of fragmentation via secular evolution and it is not necessary to invoke rapid (impulsive) events to trigger fragmentation.Comment: accepted for publication in MNRA

Two leaf beetles new to Florida (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Specimens recently submitted to the first author for identification turned out to represent two species of leaf beetles previously unknown from Florida, one of which is new to the eastern United States and the other new to the continental United States

Subglacial floods beneath ice sheets.

Subglacial floods (jökulhlaups) are well documented as occurring beneath present day glaciers and ice caps. In addition, it is known that massive floods have occurred from ice-dammed lakes proximal to the Laurentide ice sheet during the last ice age, and it has been suggested that at least one such flood below the waning ice sheet was responsible for a dramatic cooling event some 8000 years ago. We propose that drainage of lakes from beneath ice sheets will generally occur in a time-periodic fashion, and that such floods can be of severe magnitude. Such hydraulic eruptions are likely to have caused severe climatic disturbances in the past, and may well do so in the future

Comparison of boiler feed pumps for cesium and potassium Rankine cycle systems

Comparison of electromagnetic and centrifugal pumps for cesium and potassium Rankine cycle system

Locus of control and savings

Abstract: This paper analyzes the relationship between individuals’ locus of control and their savings behavior, i.e. wealth accumulation, savings rates, and portfolio choices. Locus of control is a psychological concept that captures individuals’ beliefs about the controllability of life events and is a key component of self-control. We find that households with an internal reference person save more both in terms of levels and as a percentage of their permanent incomes. Although the locus-of-control gap in savings rates is largest among rich households, the gap in wealth accumulation is particularly large for poor households. Finally, households with an internal reference person and average net worth hold significantly less financial wealth, but significantly more pension wealth, than otherwise similar households with an external reference person

1^{1}H-NMR spin-echo measurements of the static and dynamic spin properties in λ\lambda-(BETS)2_{2}FeCl4_{4}

$^{1}$H-NMR spin-echo measurements of the spin-echo decay $M(2\tau)$ with a decay rate 1/$T_{2}$ and the frequency shift $\Delta\nu/\nu_{0}$ under applied magnetic field $\mathbf{B}$$_{0}$ = 9 T along the a-axis over a temperature range 2.0$-$180 K are reported for a single crystal of the organic conductor $\lambda$-(BETS)$_{2}$FeCl$_{4}$. It provides the spin dynamic and static properties in the paramagnetic metal (PM) and antiferromagnetic insulator (AFI) states as well as across the PM$-$AFI phase transition. A large slow beat structure in the spin-echo decay is observed with a typical beat frequency of $f$ $\sim$ 7 kHz and it varies across the spectrum. Its origin is attributed to the $^{1}$H$-$$^{1}$H dipole interactions rather than to the much larger dipolar field contribution from the Fe$^{3+}$ electrons (spin $S$ = 5/2). A simple phenomenological model provides an excellent fit to the data. The dominant $^{1}$H-NMR frequency shift comes from the dipolar field from the 3d Fe$^{3+}$ ions, and the Fe$^{3+}$ $-$ Fe$^{3+}$ exchange interactions ($J_{0}$) ($J_{0}$ includes the d$-$d exchange interactions through the $\pi-$electrons) have a substantial effect to the local field at the proton sites expecially at low temperatures. A good fit is obtained with $J_{0}$ = - 1.7 K. The data of the spin-echo decay rate 1/$T_{2}$ indicates that there is a significant change in the slow fluctuations of the local magnetic field at the $^{1}$H-sites on traversing the PM to AFI phase. This evidence supports earlier reports that the PM$-$AFI phase transition in $\lambda$-(BETS)$_{2}$FeCl$_{4}$ is driven magnetically and first order.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figures, resubmitted to Phys. Rev. B in response to comments of Editor and reviewers on March 23, 200

The structural and metamorphic history of the Lochailort (Moidart) area

The metasedimentary rocks of the area have had a complex structural and metamorphic history. The structural analysis indicates that the rocks have suffered four periods of folding, and by study of the major and minor structures of each generation the age relationships of the fold movements can be established. The history of the fold episodes may be summarised:1. first period of isoclinal folding. No major isoclinal folds have been recognized, but first minor structures are widespread and indicate that the whole area has been isoclinally folded. This first period of folding is probably the structural equivalent to the first movement episode recognized in Morar by W.Q. Kennedy (1955) - the formation of the Morar nappe.2. period of tight, asymmetric folding during which all the rocks of the area were again folded. The second folds are Similar in style and their orientation has been considerably modified by the third fold movement. The evidence suggests that after the second period of folding had taken place the rocks were vertically oriented.3. period of open asymmetric folding about a N.N.E -S.S .W. 177. axial plane trend. The third folds are partly Similar and partly Concentric in style. The Diollaid Bheag Antiform, a fold some two miles wide, formed during this period of folding.4. period of open asymmetric folding about a N.W. -S.r. axial plane trend. The fourth folds are of local occurrence, and their affect upon the orientation of the rocks and structures of the earlier fold movements is only slight.It has been found that the stratigraphical succession established by Richey and Kennedy (1939) in the Lioìne rocks of Morar, could not be extended into the whole of the area mapped. The structural evidence indicates that the rocks have been isoclinally folded, and it is concluded that the stratigraphical succession has been repeated. The few sedimentary structures that have been found indicate that the pelitic rocks of An Stac and Rois-Bheinn are stratigraphically younger than the psammitic rocks which have been correlated with the Upper Psammitic Group of Morar (Richey, 1938). It is suggested that the original stratigraphical succession may have consisted of four main lithological groups. In the area mapped all the psammitic and pelitic bands contain thin calc- silicate ribs. Richey and Kennedy (1939) stated that these calc- silicate ribs are absent in the Lower Psammitic Group and Lower Striped Schists of the Llorar succession. It may be suggested therefore that the lower part of the Ilorar stratigraphical succession is not represented in the area mapped.The rocks of the central and eastern parts of the area have been strongly migmatised, the migmatisation taking place before and during the second period of folding. In the area of migmatisation the rocks are coarsely crystalline gneisses and the pelitic rocks have been transformed into oligoclase -biotite- gneiss and locally, granite gneiss. Thick discordant pegmatite veins are common.It is concluded that during migmatisation the rocks were at sillimanite grade of metamorphism, and associated with this period of high grade metamorphism the anorthitehornblende and anorthite -pyroxene metamorphic zones of the calc-silicate rocks were developed. Recrystallisation again occurred during or after the third and fourth fold movements, but it is probable that regrowth of garnet did not take place. Throughout the area the biotites, and occasionally the garnets, show alteration to chlorite, and these features of retrogressive activity must have taken place during or after these late phases of recrystallisation.During the four periods of folding it is evident that the rocks responded to deformation in a very plastic manner, no cataclastic, or brittle structures found in the area can be definitely correlated with the four fold movements. The style of the fold periods is such that the intensity of deformation decreases, from isoclinal folding during the first fold movement, to very open asymmetric folding during the fourth movement episode. It is interesting to note that the metamorphic history shows a similar decrease in intensity. The evidence suggests that at approximately the same time as the first and second fold movements the grade of metamorphism of the rocks was extremely high, but during the later periods of open folding, the rocks only suffered low grade metamorphism. (fig. 27)The suggested age relationship between metamorphism and movement is only tentative. Because the rocks have undergone recrystallisation several times during their movement history, and that recrystallisation appears to have taken place during or after the final fold movement, an accurate correlation between the metamorphic and structural histories is difficult to establish. The several phases of folding provide important 'marker horizons in the structural and metamorphic history, and only by comparison and correlation with the structure and meta-morphism of adjacent areas will the complete age relationship between metamorphism and movement be determined

Structural and metamorphic history of the Lochailort (Moidart) area

The metasedimentary rocks of the area have had a complex structural and metamorphic history. The structural analysis indicates that the rocks have suffered four periods of folding, and by study of the major and minor structures of each generation the age relationships of the fold movements can be established. The history of the fold episodes may be summarised:1. first period of isoclinal folding. No major isoclinal folds have been recognized, but first minor structures are widespread and indicate that the whole area has been isoclinally folded. This first period of folding is probably the structural equivalent to the first movement episode recognized in Morar by W.Q. Kennedy (1955) - the formation of the Morar nappe.2. period of tight, asymmetric folding during which all the rocks of the area were again folded. The second folds are Similar in style and their orientation has been considerably modified by the third fold movement. The evidence suggests that after the second period of folding had taken place the rocks were vertically oriented.3. period of open asymmetric folding about a N.N.E -S.S .W. 177. axial plane trend. The third folds are partly Similar and partly Concentric in style. The Diollaid Bheag Antiform, a fold some two miles wide, formed during this period of folding.4. period of open asymmetric folding about a N.W. -S.r. axial plane trend. The fourth folds are of local occurrence, and their affect upon the orientation of the rocks and structures of the earlier fold movements is only slight.It has been found that the stratigraphical succession established by Richey and Kennedy (1939) in the Lioìne rocks of Morar, could not be extended into the whole of the area mapped. The structural evidence indicates that the rocks have been isoclinally folded, and it is concluded that the stratigraphical succession has been repeated. The few sedimentary structures that have been found indicate that the pelitic rocks of An Stac and Rois-Bheinn are stratigraphically younger than the psammitic rocks which have been correlated with the Upper Psammitic Group of Morar (Richey, 1938). It is suggested that the original stratigraphical succession may have consisted of four main lithological groups. In the area mapped all the psammitic and pelitic bands contain thin calc- silicate ribs. Richey and Kennedy (1939) stated that these calc- silicate ribs are absent in the Lower Psammitic Group and Lower Striped Schists of the Llorar succession. It may be suggested therefore that the lower part of the Ilorar stratigraphical succession is not represented in the area mapped.The rocks of the central and eastern parts of the area have been strongly migmatised, the migmatisation taking place before and during the second period of folding. In the area of migmatisation the rocks are coarsely crystalline gneisses and the pelitic rocks have been transformed into oligoclase -biotite- gneiss and locally, granite gneiss. Thick discordant pegmatite veins are common.It is concluded that during migmatisation the rocks were at sillimanite grade of metamorphism, and associated with this period of high grade metamorphism the anorthitehornblende and anorthite -pyroxene metamorphic zones of the calc-silicate rocks were developed. Recrystallisation again occurred during or after the third and fourth fold movements, but it is probable that regrowth of garnet did not take place. Throughout the area the biotites, and occasionally the garnets, show alteration to chlorite, and these features of retrogressive activity must have taken place during or after these late phases of recrystallisation.During the four periods of folding it is evident that the rocks responded to deformation in a very plastic manner, no cataclastic, or brittle structures found in the area can be definitely correlated with the four fold movements. The style of the fold periods is such that the intensity of deformation decreases, from isoclinal folding during the first fold movement, to very open asymmetric folding during the fourth movement episode. It is interesting to note that the metamorphic history shows a similar decrease in intensity. The evidence suggests that at approximately the same time as the first and second fold movements the grade of metamorphism of the rocks was extremely high, but during the later periods of open folding, the rocks only suffered low grade metamorphism. (fig. 27)The suggested age relationship between metamorphism and movement is only tentative. Because the rocks have undergone recrystallisation several times during their movement history, and that recrystallisation appears to have taken place during or after the final fold movement, an accurate correlation between the metamorphic and structural histories is difficult to establish. The several phases of folding provide important 'marker horizons in the structural and metamorphic history, and only by comparison and correlation with the structure and meta-morphism of adjacent areas will the complete age relationship between metamorphism and movement be determined