Symmetric Grothendieck polynomials, skew Cauchy identities, and dual filtered Young graphs

Symmetric Grothendieck polynomials are analogues of Schur polynomials in the K-theory of Grassmannians. We build dual families of symmetric Grothendieck polynomials using Schur operators. With this approach we prove skew Cauchy identity and then derive various applications: skew Pieri rules, dual filtrations of Young's lattice, generating series and enumerative identities. We also give a new explanation of the finite expansion property for products of Grothendieck polynomials

Compilation of Diversity Factors and Schedules for Energy and Cooling Load Calculations, Phase II Report - Identified Relevant Data Sets, Methods, and Variability Analysis

This is the second report of the ASHRAE 1093-RP project that reports on the progress during the scheduled Phase II effort. In this report, we present: (1) the data sets identified and acquired required for the analysis; (2) the method adopted for classifying the Office building categories; (3) the relevant methods for daytyping necessary for creating the typical load shapes for energy and cooling load calculation; (4) the relevant robust variability (uncertainty) analysis; (5) typical load shapes reported in the literature; (6) a test to assure the non-weather dependency (seasonal variation) of the lighting and equipment data sets; and (7) a proposed occupancy surrogate variable. The results obtained during Phase II will enable us to proceed with Phase III, as planned. Phase III will cover: (1) developing the typical load shapes for the acquired data sets, using the proposed method, for both energy and cooling load calculations; (2) developing the tool-kit for deriving the new diversity factors and general guidelines for their use; and (3) developing illustrative examples of the use of the diversity factors in the DOE-2 and BLAST simulation programs

Compilation of Diversity Factors and Schedules for Energy and Cooling Load Calculations, ASHRAE Research Project 1093, Preliminary Report, Literature Review and Database Search

In this report we describe the related literature for the ASHRAE 1093-RP project. To accomplish this we have divided the previous works into three categories: (1) existing literature on diversity factor and load shape calculations, (2) literature that reports on existing databases of monitored data in the U.S. and Europe, and (3) relevant studies about classifications of commercial buildings. In the literature on diversity factors and load shapes, we covered papers reporting the existence of databases of monitored end-uses in commercial building, methods used in developing the daytypes and load shapes, and what classification schemes were used in the commercial building sector. We report the names of the scholars and energy analysts whom we contacted in the U.S. and Europe, that provided detailed information (in a tabulated format) on existing databases on monitored end-uses in commercial buildings in the U.S. Finally, we summarize the classification schemes of the commercial building sector that are reported in national standards and codes.In this report, the first report for the ASHRAE 1093-RP project, we present: (1) our extended literature search of methods used to derive load shapes and diversity factors in the U.S. and Europe, (2) a survey of available databases of monitored commercial end-use electrical data in the U.S. and Europe, and (3) a review of classification schemes of the commercial building stock listed in national standards and codes, and reported by researchers and utility projects. The findings in this preliminary report will help us in performing the next steps of the project where we will identify and test appropriate daytyping methods on relevant monitored data sets of lighting and equipment (and other surrogates for occupancy) to develop a library of diversity factors and schedules for use in energy and cooling load simulations. The goal of this project is to compile a library of schedules and diversity factors for energy and cooling load calculations in various types of indoor office environments in the U.S. and Europe. Two sets of diversity factors, one for peak cooling load calculations and one for energy calculations will be developed

A Study on the Effects of Unwanted Air Infiltration on Thermal Comfort at an Airport Terminal

The Energy Systems Laboratory at Texas A&M University is currently studying ways to make improvements in thermal comfort at the Terminal E building at DFW airport. Airport terminal building HVAC systems are generally known to consume large amounts of energy to provide an environment that is comfortable for the employees and travelers. Wind direction, the shape and orientation of the building with respect to the prevailing wind can have a deleterious effect on the HVAC system ability to provide the comfort levels that people have become accustomed to in public buildings. Airport terminal buildings, such as the one in this study, built before the current energy awareness that is prevalent today have many problems associated with air infiltration primarily due to openings in the building structure to permit a smooth flow of passengers and luggage toward their destination. Entry ways that allow for easy egress generally use sliding door vestibules that are self closing based on sensors and timers to provide the building user an unimpeded path into and out of the building. During peak traffic periods, these doors are open for relatively long periods of time and can cause significant loss of building pressure. If the shape of the terminal building is such that the gate doors to the aircraft are opposing the egress entryways, air flows can develop within the building that blow across the width of the building, causing drafts that can either be cold or hot based on the outside air temperature. The shape of the building in this study is C-shaped with the opening of the “C” facing toward the West. Weather data will be analyzed along with hot and cold calls within the terminal building to correlate the effect of wind direction on indoor thermal comfort. Unwanted air infiltration flow pathways will be identified using smoke testers and analyzed with efforts to reduce entry into the building envelope

Anterior Abdominal Stab Injury: A Comparison of Self-Inflicted and Intentional Third-Party Stabbings

Background: There is minimal literature comparing self-inflicted (SI) with non–self-inflicted (NSI) anterior abdominal stab wounds (AASW). Methods: Adult patients treated at a level 1 trauma center from 2006 through 2011 with an AASW were reviewed. Results: There were 215 patients with an AASW; 20% were SI. NSI patients had more nonabdominal injuries (47% vs 16%, P \u3c .01) and disposition directly to the operating room (45% vs 26%, P = .02). Intra-abdominal injury rates were similar. One hundred twenty-eight patients had isolated AASWs; 28% were SI. SI patients had higher admission rates (86% vs 63%, P = .01). One hundred three patients had isolated stable/asymptomatic AASWs; 31% were SI. SI patients had more admissions (84% vs 52%, P \u3c .01), had higher intensive care unit admission rates (23% vs 5%, P = .01), longer LOS (3.2 vs 1.4, P \u3c .01), and higher hospital charges ($18,000 vs$11,000, P \u3c .01). The rates of intra-abdominal injury were again similar. Conclusions: Controlling for extra-abdominal injuries, SI AASW patients have similar rates of intra-abdominal injury but use more resources

Anterior Abdominal Stab Injury: A Comparison of Self-Inflicted and Intentional Third-Party Stabbings

Background: There is minimal literature comparing self-inflicted (SI) with non–self-inflicted (NSI) anterior abdominal stab wounds (AASW). Methods: Adult patients treated at a level 1 trauma center from 2006 through 2011 with an AASW were reviewed. Results: There were 215 patients with an AASW; 20% were SI. NSI patients had more nonabdominal injuries (47% vs 16%, P \u3c .01) and disposition directly to the operating room (45% vs 26%, P = .02). Intra-abdominal injury rates were similar. One hundred twenty-eight patients had isolated AASWs; 28% were SI. SI patients had higher admission rates (86% vs 63%, P = .01). One hundred three patients had isolated stable/asymptomatic AASWs; 31% were SI. SI patients had more admissions (84% vs 52%, P \u3c .01), had higher intensive care unit admission rates (23% vs 5%, P = .01), longer LOS (3.2 vs 1.4, P \u3c .01), and higher hospital charges ($18,000 vs$11,000, P \u3c .01). The rates of intra-abdominal injury were again similar. Conclusions: Controlling for extra-abdominal injuries, SI AASW patients have similar rates of intra-abdominal injury but use more resources

Compilation of Diversity Factors and Schedules for Energy and Cooling Load Calculations, ASHRAE Research Project 1093, Phase III Draft Report, Compilation of Diversity Factors and Load Shapes

During this phase of the project, we finalized the daytyping method to be followed, and started processing the data sets previously approved by the PMSC. So far, we processed a total of 23 buildings (ESL). The final product will include typical load shapes and diversity factors from 27 Office Buildings monitored by ESL and 9 Office Buildings provided by LBNL (Energy-Edge Buildings). If time allows, we will process 28 additional buildings provided to us by PNNL. These additional buildings were monitored under the ELCAP project. We prepared typical templates (with Microsoft Word) to describe each building along with the corresponding results of the analysis. Mr. Micheal Witte, from Gard Analytics, helped us in writing the BLAST input files, and he also automated the procedure of copying the results from EXCEL to the WORD templates. Table 4 shows the final set of buildings that are currently analysed.This is a draft of the Final Report in the ASHRAE RP-1093 project that, first summarizes the work completed during the scheduled Phase I and Phase II (presented to the PMSC in Seattle - June 1999, and Dallas February 2000), and reports on the progress during the scheduled Phase III effort (Table 1). It should be noted that the PMSC approved a one-year extension after the May-2000-Completion-date noted in Table 1. Tables 2 and 3 show the buildings that were approved by the PMSC in previous meetings

The effect of Mg location on Co-Mg-Ru/gamma-Al2O3 Fischer-Tropsch catalysts

The effectiveness of Mg as a promoter of Co-Ru/γ-Al(2)O(3) Fischer–Tropsch catalysts depends on how and when the Mg is added. When the Mg is impregnated into the support before the Co and Ru addition, some Mg is incorporated into the support in the form of Mg(x)Al(2)O(3+x) if the material is calcined at 550°C or 800°C after the impregnation, while the remainder is present as amorphous MgO/MgCO(3) phases. After subsequent Co-Ru impregnation Mg(x)Co(3−x)O(4) is formed which decomposes on reduction, leading to Co(0) particles intimately mixed with Mg, as shown by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The process of impregnating Co into an Mg-modified support results in dissolution of the amorphous Mg, and it is this Mg which is then incorporated into Mg(x)Co(3−x)O(4). Acid washing or higher temperature calcination after Mg impregnation can remove most of this amorphous Mg, resulting in lower values of x in Mg(x)Co(3−x)O(4). Catalytic testing of these materials reveals that Mg incorporation into the Co oxide phase is severely detrimental to the site-time yield, while Mg incorporation into the support may provide some enhancement of activity at high temperature