Geographical gradient of the <em>eIF4E</em> alleles conferring resistance to potyviruses in pea (<em>Pisum</em>) germplasm

<div><p>Background</p><p>The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E was shown to be involved in resistance against several potyviruses in plants, including pea. We combined our knowledge of pea germplasm diversity with that of the <i>eIF4E</i> gene to identify novel genetic diversity.</p><p>Methodology/Principal findings</p><p>Germplasm of 2803 pea accessions was screened for <i>eIF4E</i> intron 3 length polymorphism, resulting in the detection of four <i>eIF4E^A-B-C-S</i> variants, whose distribution was geographically structured. The <i>eIF4E^A</i> variant conferring resistance to the P1 PSbMV pathotype was found in 53 accessions (1.9%), of which 15 were landraces from India, Afghanistan, Nepal, and 7 were from Ethiopia. A newly discovered variant, <i>eIF4E^B</i>, was present in 328 accessions (11.7%) from Ethiopia (29%), Afghanistan (23%), India (20%), Israel (25%) and China (39%). The <i>eIF4E^C</i> variant was detected in 91 accessions (3.2% of total) from India (20%), Afghanistan (33%), the Iberian Peninsula (22%) and the Balkans (9.3%). The <i>eIF4E^S</i> variant for susceptibility predominated as the wild type. Sequencing of 73 samples, identified 34 alleles at the whole gene, 26 at cDNA and 19 protein variants, respectively. Fifteen alleles were virologically tested and 9 alleles (<i>eIF4E^{A-1-2-3-4-5-6-7}</i>, <i>eIF4E^B-1</i>, <i>eIF4E^C-2</i>) conferred resistance to the P1 PSbMV pathotype.</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p>This work identified novel <i>eIF4E</i> alleles within geographically structured pea germplasm and indicated their independent evolution from the susceptible <i>eIF4E^S1</i> allele. Despite high variation present in wild <i>Pisum</i> accessions, none of them possessed resistance alleles, supporting a hypothesis of distinct mode of evolution of resistance in wild as opposed to crop species. The Highlands of Central Asia, the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, Eastern Africa and China were identified as important centers of pea diversity that correspond with the diversity of the pathogen. The series of alleles identified in this study provides the basis to study the co-evolution of potyviruses and the pea host.</p></div

Educational policy analysis archives

https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/usf_EPAA/1198/thumbnail.jp

Computerized cardiotocography analysis of fetal heart response to acoustic stimulation

OBJETIVO: estudar o efeito da estimulação sônica na resposta cardíaca fetal de acordo com os parâmetros fornecidos pela cardiotocografia computadorizada em gestações de baixo risco. MÉTODOS: foram incluídas 20 gestantes de baixo risco com os seguintes critérios de inclusão: idade materna superior a 18 anos; gestação única, feto vivo; idade gestacional entre 36 e 40 semanas; índice de líquido amniótico superior a 8,0 cm e ausência de malformações fetais. Foram excluídos os casos com diagnóstico pós-natal de anomalia fetal. A cardiotocografia computadorizada foi realizada por 20 minutos antes e depois da estimulação sônica fetal. Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste t para amostras dependentes, adotando-se o nível de significância de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: a estimulação sônica foi efetuada com sucesso em todos os casos analisados. Pela análise dos parâmetros cardiotocográficos, não foi constatada diferença significativa quando se comparou os parâmetros pré e pós-estimulação, respectivamente: número médio de movimentos fetais por hora (55,6 versus 71,9, p=0,1); frequência cardíaca fetal (FCF) basal média (135,2 versus 137,5 bpm, p=0,3); média de acelerações da FCF>10 bpm (6,5 versus 6,8, p=0,7); média de acelerações da FCF>15 bpm (3,8 versus 4,3, p=0,5); média da duração dos episódios de alta variação da FCF (11,4 versus 10,9 minutos, p=0,7); média da duração dos episódios de baixa variação da FCF (2,5 versus 1,1 minutos, p=0,2) e média da variação de curto prazo (10,6 versus 10,9 ms, p=0,6). CONCLUSÕES: em gestação de baixo risco, no termo, a cardiotocografia computadorizada não evidenciou diferenças nos parâmetros da FCF após a estimulação sônica fetal.PURPOSE: to study the effect of acoustic stimulation in the fetal cardiac response, according to parameters from computerized cardiotocography in low risk pregnancies. METHODS: twenty low risk pregnant women were included in the study, according to the following criteria: age over 18; single gestation, living fetus; gestational age between 36 and 40 weeks; amniotic liquid index over 8.0 cm and absence of fetal malformation. Cases with post-natal diagnosis of fetal anomaly were excluded. Computerized cardiotocography was performed for 20 minutes, before and after fetal acoustic stimulation. Results were analyzed by the t test for dependent samples, with significance level at p<0.05. RESULTS: acoustic stimulation was successfully performed in all cases analyzed. By the analysis of the cardiotocographic parameters, there was no significant difference when the pre and post-stimulation parameters were compared: average number of fetal movements per hour (55.6 versus 71.9, p=0.1); mean basal fetal heart rate (FHR) (135.2 versus 137.5 bpm, p=0.3); mean FHR increases>10 bpm (6.5 versus 6.8, p=0.7); mean FHR increases>15 bpm (3.8 versus 4.3, p=0.5); mean duration of high FHR variation episodes (11.4 versus 10.9 min, p=0.7); mean duration of low FHR variation episodes (2.5 versus 1.1 min, p=0.2), and mean short-term variation (10.6 versus 10.9 ms, p=0.6). CONCLUSIONS: in low risk gestations at term, computerized cardiotocography has not evidenced differences in the FHR parameters after the fetal sonic stimulation

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Accelerating Medicines Partnership® Schizophrenia (AMP® SCZ):Rationale and Study Design of the Largest Global Prospective Cohort Study of Clinical High Risk for Psychosis

This article describes the rationale, aims, and methodology of the Accelerating Medicines Partnership® Schizophrenia (AMP® SCZ). This is the largest international collaboration to date that will develop algorithms to predict trajectories and outcomes of individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis and to advance the development and use of novel pharmacological interventions for CHR individuals. We present a description of the participating research networks and the data processing analysis and coordination center, their processes for data harmonization across 43 sites from 13 participating countries (recruitment across North America, Australia, Europe, Asia, and South America), data flow and quality assessment processes, data analyses, and the transfer of data to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Data Archive (NDA) for use by the research community. In an expected sample of approximately 2000 CHR individuals and 640 matched healthy controls, AMP SCZ will collect clinical, environmental, and cognitive data along with multimodal biomarkers, including neuroimaging, electrophysiology, fluid biospecimens, speech and facial expression samples, novel measures derived from digital health technologies including smartphone-based daily surveys, and passive sensing as well as actigraphy. The study will investigate a range of clinical outcomes over a 2-year period, including transition to psychosis, remission or persistence of CHR status, attenuated positive symptoms, persistent negative symptoms, mood and anxiety symptoms, and psychosocial functioning. The global reach of AMP SCZ and its harmonized innovative methods promise to catalyze the development of new treatments to address critical unmet clinical and public health needs in CHR individuals.</p