ACO2 mutations: A novel phenotype associating severe optic atrophy and spastic paraplegia

International audienc

AP4 deficiency: A novel form of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation?

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinico-radiological phenotype of 3 patients harboring a homozygous novel AP4M1 pathogenic mutation. METHODS: The 3 patients from an inbred family who exhibited early-onset developmental delay, tetraparesis, juvenile motor function deterioration, and intellectual deficiency were investigated by magnetic brain imaging using T1-weighted, T2-weighted, T2*-weighted, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) sequences. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on the 3 patients. RESULTS: In the 3 patients, brain imaging identified the same pattern of bilateral SWI hyposignal of the globus pallidus, concordant with iron accumulation. A novel homozygous nonsense mutation was identified in AP4M1, segregating with the disease and leading to truncation of half of the adap domain of the protein. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that AP4M1 represents a new candidate gene that should be considered in the neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) spectrum of disorders and highlight the intersections between hereditary spastic paraplegia and NBIA clinical presentations

Identification of new genes in syndromic recessive ataxias : involvement of moderate metabolic disorders

Les ataxies héréditaires représentent un groupe hétérogène de maladies neurodégénératives caractérisées par des anomalies de la coordination des mouvements associées à des troubles de l’équilibre et de la marche. L’immense diversité fonctionnelle des protéines touchées dans les ataxies autosomiques récessives (AR) souligne que celles-ci ne peuvent pas être classées selon les voies physiopathologiques en cause. De ce constat résulte une classification émergente des AR en fonction de la raison expliquant la nature « modérée » de l’atteinte neurologique, à savoir : (i) les mutations avec perte de fonction partielle, (ii) la présence redondante de protéines de la même famille fonctionnelle, (iii) la présence redondante d’autres voies détoxifiantes. L’objectif de ce travail était d’identifier de nouveaux gènes responsables d’AR syndromiques grâce à une stratégie couplant la cartographie par homozygotie et l’analyse d’exomes de larges familles consanguines. L’analyse par génotypage de l’une de ces familles nous a permis d’identifier 2 régions homozygotes partagées par les 3 enfants atteints par le syndrome de Lichtenstein-Knorr (ataxie-surdité). Parmi les variants présents dans ces régions, j’ai identifié une mutation faux-sens dans le gène SLC9A1 codant pour l'échangeur Na+/H+1, NHE1. Cette mutation transforme la Glycine 305, un petit acide aminé très conservé et localisé dans le 8ème domaine transmembranaire, en Arginine, acide aminé chargé positivement. Bien que NHE1 soit une protéine exprimée de façon ubiquitaire, 2 modèles souris « knock-out » de ce gène ont montré sa fonction essentielle au niveau des noyaux profonds cérébelleux, vestibulaires et cochléaires où a été observé une dégénérescence spécifique suite à l’inactivation du gène Slc9a1. Nous avons ensuite apporté la preuve de l’effet délétère de la mutation p.Gly305Arg en montrant une réduction importante mais pas totale de l’activité de l’échangeur muté ainsi qu’une abolition de son expression à la surface cellulaire, démontrant ainsi que SLC9A1 est le gène impliqué dans le syndrome de Lichtenstein-Knorr (Guissart et al. Hum Mol Genet 2015). L’analyse de l’exome d’une famille consanguine multi-générationnelle présentant une ataxie spino-cérébelleuse, une cécité et une surdité et dont le locus avait été identifié par notre équipe en 2000 sur le chromosome 6p23-p21 (SCAR3 ; MIM #271250) m’a permis d’identifier la mutation faux-sens homozygote p.Gly306Arg dans le gène SLC52A2, pourtant située sur le chromosome 8qter et déjà décrite chez des patients atteints du syndrome de Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere type 2, indiquant que la liaison génétique initialement publiée pour cette famille était due au hazard. Le séquençage d’exome d'une autre famille avec 2 enfants atteints d’une AR progressive et d’une rétinite pigmentaire et présentant une région homozygote partagée en 6p23-p21 m’a permis d’identifier la mutation faux-sens p.Ala912Val dans le gène PEX6. L'analyse rétrospective des marqueurs du peroxysome a montré un taux d’acide phytanique sérique très modérément augmenté, alors que les fibroblastes m’ont permis de confirmer le caractère pathogène de la mutation p.Ala912Val par l'absence de marquage à la catalase, la présence de structures peroxysomales anormales et une nette augmentation des AGTLC, indiquant une perte de fonction partielle de la protéine PEX6. Par conséquent, en dépit d’une liaison génétique initiale erronée, l’entité SCAR3 est confirmée et est causée par certaines mutations du gène PEX6 (Guissart et al. Eur J Hum Genet 2016). En conclusion, la présence des mutations faux-sens hypomorphes dans ces familles et les données de la littérature démontrent le concept selon lequel de nombreuses AR sont causées par des mutations de type « perte de fonction partielle » touchant une grande variété de voies physiopathologiques, ceci en raison de l’extrême sensibilité des neurones cérébelleux, spino-cérébelleux et sensitifs profonds, à des désordres métaboliques même légers.Inherited ataxias are a heterogeneous group of neurodegerative diseases that are characterized by incoordination of movement and unsteadiness. The huge functional diversity of affected proteins in autosomal recessive ataxia highlights that these disorders cannot be classified according to relevant physiopathological pathways. Rather, current knowledge shows that no specific physiopathological pathway explains directly the appearance of the symptoms. This gives rise to an emerging recessive ataxia classification based on the reason explaining the “moderate” nature of neurological involvement, namely: (i) partial loss of function mutation, (ii) the presence of redundant functional family member proteins, (iii) the presence of redundant detoxifying pathways. The purpose of this work was to identify new causative genes for syndromic recessive ataxia using a strategy combining homozygosity mapping and exome analysis in large consanguineous families. Genotyping analysis of one of those families has enabled us to identify 2 significant regions of homozygosity shared by the 3 siblings affected by Lichtenstein-Knorr syndrome (ataxia-deafness): one of 23.6 Mb on chromosome 1 and the other of 5.5 Mb on chromosome 7. Among the variants located in the shared homozygous regions, I rapidly identified a missense mutation located in the SLC9A1 gene encoding for NHE1, the Na+/H+ exchanger family member 1. This mutation replaces Glycine 305, a small neutral highly conserved amino-acid, located in the 8th transmembrane segment and conserved in all investigated metazoans by Arginine, a positively charged amino acid. Despite NHE1 is ubiquitously expressed, extensive analysis of 2 Slc9a1 knock-out mice models revealed its crucial role in 3 regions of the central nervous system: vestibular nuclei, cochlear nuclei, and most prominently deep cerebellar nuclei. We then demonstrated the deleterious effect of the p.Gly305Arg mutation showing a significant but not complete reduction of the proton pump activity of NHE1 as well as absence of expression at the cell surface, thus demonstrating that SLC9A1 is the causative gene in Lichtenstein-Knorr syndrome (Guissart et al. Hum Mol Genet 2015). Exome analysis of a multigenerational consanguineous family with spinocerebellar ataxia, blindness and deafness for which we identified linkage to chromosome 6p23-p21 in 2000 (SCAR3; MIM #271250) allowed me to identify in all patients the homozygous p.Gly306Arg missense mutation in SLC52A2, yet located on chromosome 8qter and previously found mutated in patients with Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere type 2, indicating that the genetic linkage published for the SCAR3 family was a false positive result. High recombination rate in the telomeric region and use of widely spaced microsatellite markers explain why correct linkage was initially missed. Exome sequencing of another family with 2 children affected with progressive ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa and with linkage to 6p23-p21 revealed the p.Ala912Val mutation in PEX6. Retrospective analysis of peroxisomal markers showed very moderate increase of serum phytanic acid levels, but fibroblasts allowed me to confirm the pathogenicity of the p.Ala912Val mutation by absent peroxisomal catalase immunostaining, presence of peroxisomal ghosts with abnormal structure and markedly increased very long-chain fatty acids, indicating a partial loss of function of the PEX6 protein. Therefore, despite initial false genetic linkage, the SCAR3 locus is confirmed and is caused by some PEX6 mutation (Guissart et al. Eur J Hum Genet 2016). In conclusion, the identification of these hypomorphic missense mutations in ataxia families as well as literature data lend credence to the concept that numerous recessive ataxias are caused by partial loss of function mutations in a large variety of pathophysiological pathways, as a consequence of an exquisite sensitivity of cerebellar, spinocerebellar and deep sensory neurons to even mild metabolic insults

Développement clinique des vecteurs aav (contexte réglementaire, évaluation des risques et contrôle qualité)

MONTPELLIER-BU Pharmacie (341722105) / SudocSudocFranceF

Premature termination codons in SOD1 causing Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis are predicted to escape the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay

International audienceAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common and severe adult-onset motoneuron disease and has currently no effective therapy. Approximately 20% of familial ALS cases are caused by dominantly-inherited mutations in the gene encoding Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), which represents one of the most frequent genetic cause of ALS. Despite the overwhelming majority of ALS-causing missense mutations in SOD1, a minority of premature termination codons (PTCs) have been identified. mRNA harboring PTCs are known to be rapidly degraded by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), which limits the production of truncated proteins. The rules of NMD surveillance varying with PTC location in mRNA, we analyzed the localization of PTCs in SOD1 mRNA to evaluate whether or not those PTCs can be triggered to degradation by the NMD pathway. Our study shows that all pathogenic PTCs described in SOD1 so far can theoretically escape the NMD, resulting in the production of truncated protein. This finding supports the hypothesis that haploinsufficiency is not an underlying mechanism of SOD1 mutant-associated ALS and suggests that PTCs found in the regions that trigger NMD are not pathogenic. Such a consideration is particularly important since the availability of SOD1 antisense strategies, in view of variant treatment assignment

Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of monogenic disorders: an optimized protocol using MEMO qPCR with miniSTR as internal control

International audienceBACKGROUND:Analysis of circulating cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) in maternal plasma is very promising for early diagnosis of monogenic diseases. However, this approach is not yet available for routine use and remains technically challenging because of the low concentration of cffDNA, which is swamped by the overwhelming maternal DNA.METHODS:To make clinical applications more readily accessible, we propose a new approach based on mutant enrichment with 3'-modified oligonucleotides (MEMO) PCR along with real-time PCR to selectively amplify from the maternal blood the paternally inherited fetal allele that is not present in the maternal genome.RESULTS:The first proof of concept of this strategy was displayed for cystic fibrosis by the accuracy of our detection of the p.Gly542* mutation used as the initial developmental model. Subsequently, a retrospective study of plasmas originating from two pregnant women carrying a fetus with private mutation confirmed the effectiveness of our method. We confirmed the presence of cffDNA in the studied samples by the identification of a tri-allelic DNA profile using a miniSTR kit.CONCLUSIONS:This new non-invasive prenatal diagnosis test offers numerous advantages over current methods: it is simple, cost effective, time efficient and does not require complex equipment or bioinformatics settings. Moreover, our assays for different private mutations demonstrate the viability of this approach in clinical settings for monogenic disorders

Developmental Consequences of Defective ATG7-Mediated Autophagy in Humans

BACKGROUND Autophagy is the major intracellular degradation route in mammalian cells. Systemic ablation of core autophagy-related (ATG) genes in mice leads to embryonic or perinatal lethality, and conditional models show neurodegeneration. Impaired autophagy has been associated with a range of complex human diseases, yet congenital autophagy disorders are rare. METHODS We performed a genetic, clinical, and neuroimaging analysis involving five families. Mechanistic investigations were conducted with the use of patient-derived fibroblasts, skeletal muscle-biopsy specimens, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and yeast. RESULTS We found deleterious, recessive variants in human ATG7, a core autophagy-related gene encoding a protein that is indispensable to classical degradative autophagy. Twelve patients from five families with distinct ATG7 variants had complex neurodevelopmental disorders with brain, muscle, and endocrine involvement. Patients had abnormalities of the cerebellum and corpus callosum and various degrees of facial dysmorphism. These patients have survived with impaired autophagic flux arising from a diminishment or absence of ATG7 protein. Although autophagic sequestration was markedly reduced, evidence of basal autophagy was readily identified in fibroblasts and skeletal muscle with loss of ATG7. Complementation of different model systems by deleterious ATG7 variants resulted in poor or absent autophagic function as compared with the reintroduction of wild-type ATG7. CONCLUSIONS We identified several patients with a neurodevelopmental disorder who have survived with a severe loss or complete absence of ATG7, an essential effector enzyme for autophagy without a known functional paralogue. (Funded by the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research and others.)

Compound heterozygous P67S/D91A SOD1 mutations in an ALS family with apparently sporadic case

International audienceObjectives: To describe a family with heterozygous P67S and D91A SOD1 mutations. Methods: The ALS profile of the proband was described. SOD1 gene sequencing was performed in the proband and his children. Results: The affected individual presented with progressive left peripheral facial palsy and slow progression with late limb involvement. Unequivocal upper and lower motor neuron signs were present, together with diffuse denervation at myography. The absence of trigeminal involvement excluded a FOSMN syndrome. Pedigree analysis did not show any other ALS case in the family. Genetic analysis of this patient showed P67S and D91A SOD1 mutations. The genetic analysis of the children showed that the mutations were each one carried by a different chromosome. Conclusions: P67S SOD1 mutation has been described in several ALS cases, either with familial or apparently sporadic ALS. The mutation is located in a mutational hotspot and was predicted pathogenic by in silico prediction software. The study of phylogenetic data show that at this codon, the proline is highly conserved throughout species reinforcing causality. Conversely, the D91A variant is known to have a recessive influence. Unilateral motor facial involvement, even after several years, in an ALS patient is unusual. The present case with compound heterozygosity and unusual onset in a patient with apparently sporadic ALS, widens the clinical spectrum of the disease and adds further arguments to support the systematic genetic screening of all ALS cases in referral ALS clinics

Clinical and Molecular Landscape of ALS Patients with SOD1 Mutations: Novel Pathogenic Variants and Novel Phenotypes. A Single ALS Center Study

International audienceMutations in the copper zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene are the second most frequent cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Nearly 200 mutations of this gene have been described so far. We report all SOD1 pathogenic variants identified in patients followed in the single ALS center of Lyon, France, between 2010 and 2020. Twelve patients from 11 unrelated families are described, including two families with the not yet described H81Y and D126N mutations. Splice site mutations were detected in two families. We discuss implications concerning genetic screening of SOD1 gene in familial and sporadic ALS