Impacts of large and small barriers on fish assemblage composition assessed using environmental DNA metabarcoding

River fragmentation caused by instream barriers is a leading cause of biodiversity loss, particularly for freshwater migratory fish, the vertebrate group that has suffered the steepest decline. However, most studies have tended to focus on the impacts of large dams on only a few taxa. We estimated the cumulative impact of both large and small barriers on fish species richness and relative abundance along an altitudinal gradient in the main stem of the River Allier (France). Using eDNA metabarcoding, we identified 24 fish zero-radius operational taxonomic units (zOTUs), corresponding to 26 species distributed along the main stem of the river. Elevation explained the greatest amount of variation in fish distribution, together with average flow, barrier density and its interaction with cumulative barrier height. Based on eDNA, the largest discontinuity in species richness was not related to the location of Poutès, the largest dam in the system, but located downstream from it. Our results indicate that, in addition to the more obvious effects of large dams on migratory fish such as the Atlantic salmon, the cumulative effects of small barriers can have widespread impacts on fish species richness and relative abundance, which should not be overlooked. We suggest that, as for other fragmented rivers, acting on numerous small barriers might bring about greater benefits in fish species richness than focusing only on the largest dams

Pharmacocinétique de population et relation pharmacocinétique / pharmacodynamie de l'erlotinib (tarceva®) chez l'adulte et l'enfant

TOULOUSE3-BU Santé-Centrale (315552105) / SudocSudocFranceF

Growing concentrations of phenol increasingly modify microbial communities' dynamics and performances' stability of anaerobic digesters

13th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion : Recovering (bio) Ressources for the World, Santiago de Compostella, ESP, 25-/06/2013 - 28/06/2013International audienceAnaerobic degradation requires a complex network of interacting and competing microorganisms. Waste anaerobic digesters are based on the intensive use of this flora. Consequently, functioning and stability of digesters are directly related to microbial populations' dynamics. The latter may be subject to external disturbances, such as the arrival of micropollutants with waste, causing malfunction of bioprocesses. In this context, we questioned the influence of phenol addition on microbial communities degrading cellulose under anaerobic conditions. For that purpose, cellulose batch digesters were set-up and inoculated with municipal solid waste digester sludge. Modifications of microbial dynamics and degradation performances after addition of phenol were evaluated in triplicates (nine different concentrations tested, from 0 to 4g.L-1). Gas production, reaction pathways and phenol concentration were followed over time. These results were linked to the monitoring of microorganisms' dynamics (automated-ribosomal-intergenic-spacer-analysis method, ARISA and qPCR on functional gene and on total Archaea and Bacteria) and of their spatial organisation (fluorescent-in-situ-hybridization, FISH). With increasing phenol concentrations, increasing disruption of digesters' performances (gas production, intermediates accumulation) was observed. EC50 (half-maximal effective-concentration) values for phenol was calculated from the dose/effect curve obtained by plotting degradation parameters as a function of phenol concentration. With increasing concentration, intermediates pathways were modified; Archaea activity was totally inhibited from 1.5g.L-1, Bacteria activity from 2.0g.L-1. Moreover, phenol degradation was observed in several digesters after several weeks. ARISA monitoring revealed an important influence of phenol concentration on microbial dynamics in general. qPCR gave more specific information. Physico-chemical and microbial results were linked to establish patterns of communities' perturbation by phenol. A phenol inhibition threshold was established for several microorganisms. Subdominant microorganisms that used phenol perturbation to settle and phenol degrading microorganisms were identified. This study gives important insights in the understanding of micropollutants effect on complex microbial communities' dynamics and their influence on digesters' stability

From hospitalisation to primary care: integrative model of clinical pharmacy with patients implanted with a PICC line—research protocol for a prospective before–after study

Introduction Clinical pharmacy improves patient safety and secures drug management using information, education and good clinical practices. However, medical device management is still unexplored, and proof of effectiveness is needed. A PICC line (peripherally inserted central catheter) is a medical device for infusion. It accesses the central venous system after being implanted in a peripheral vein. However, complications after implantation often interfere with smooth execution of the treatment. We hypothesise that clinical pharmacy for medical devices could be as effective as clinical pharmacy for medications. The main objective is to assess the effectiveness of clinical pharmacy activities on the complication rate after PICC line implantation.Methods and analysis This is a before–after prospective study. The study will begin with an observational period without clinical pharmacy activities, followed by an interventional period where pharmacists will intervene on drug and medical device management and provide personalised follow-up and advice. Sixty-nine adult patients will be recruited in each 6-month period from all traditional care units. The main inclusion criteria will be the implantation of a PICC line. The primary outcome is the decrease in the number of complications per patient and per month. Secondary outcomes are the consultation and hospital readmission rates, the acceptance rate of pharmaceutical interventions, the patients’ quality of life, the direct hospital induced or avoided costs and the participants’ satisfaction. Data will be collected using case report forms during hospitalisation and telephone follow-up after discharge. The analysis will compare these criteria during the two periods.Ethics and dissemination The study has received the approval of our Ethics Committee (Clermont-Ferrand Southeast VI, France, number AU1586). Results will be made available to the patients or their caregivers, the sponsor and other researchers when asked, as described in the consent form.Trial registration number NCT04359056

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Identification and quantification of 14 phthalates and 5 non-phthalate plasticizers in PVC medical devices by GC–MS

International audienceA GC/MS method was developed for the identification and quantification of 14 phthalates: 8 phthalates classified H360 (DBP, DEHP, BBP, DMEP, DnPP, DiPP, DPP and DiBP), 3 phthalates proposed to be forbidden in medical devices (DnOP, DiNP and DiDP) and 3 other phthalates none regulated (DMP, DCHP and DEP) which may interfere with hormone function. In order to identify and quantify other plasticizers that are commonly used in PVC medical devices such as DEHP substitute, 5 non-phthalate plasticizers (ATBC, DEHA, DEHT, TOTM, and DINCH) were included in this study. Analyses are carried out on a GC/MS system with electron impact ionization mode (EI). The separation of plasticizers is obtained on a cross-linked 5%-phenyl/95%-dimethylpolysiloxane capillary column 30m×0.25mm (i.d.)×0.25μm film thickness using a gradient temperature. Compounds quantification is performed by external calibration using an internal standard. Validation elements on standard solutions were determined using the ISO 12787 standard approach. Plasticizers are extracted from PVC medical devices using THF for dissolving the PVC part of the sample followed by precipitation of the PVC by addition of ethanol. The supernatant is injected into a GC/MS system after dilution in ethanol. Different validation elements, including extraction recoveries for all compounds or for DEHP a cross-validation of the extraction process using the European pharmacopoeia monograph 3.1.14 as reference method, are discussed. Results obtained on 61 medical devices in PVC and 12 raw materials used as plasticizers are given