Jus naturae et gentium fondements romains du droit international (jus naturae et gentium the roman foundations of international law) Abstract: L'Antiquité romaine a connu alternativement des périodes d'influence du jus naturae et gentium et des périodes de politique de contrôle et de domination militaire. La période de forte domination politique et militaire, d’une durée de presque deux siècles, a été, génériquement, dénommée Pax Romana. De cette alternance, de cette tension dialectique, est née l’idée de l’articulation, sur la voie du droit positif (et non pas seulement naturel), d’un système complexe et novateur de normes juridiques « internationales » (avant la lettre). Pratiquement, le jus gentium trouve son origine à la fois dans le jus praetorium et dans l’importante jurisprudentia des jurisconsultes, pendant la fin de la Respublica Romana et tout au long de la plus grande partie du Principatum Romanum. On a cherché, toutefois, à séparer le jus civile (applicable exclusivement aux citoyens Romains) du jus gentium (comme ensemble de normes valables pour tous les peuples). Ce jus gentium se trouvera dans les fondements de la création du droit international tout au long du Moyen Âge. The Roman antiquity had known jus naturae and jus gentium periods but also politically control and military domination times. The most important strong politico-military domination that lasted almost two centuries has been generally named Pax Romana. This dialectic tension and alternance gave birth to the idea of creating (through the positive law and not necessarily natural) a complex and innovative system of « international » juridical rules. Practically, jus gentium has found its origins in jus praetorium and in legal counselors’ jurisprudence until the end of Republica Romana and during the bigger part of Principatum Romanum. It was an attempt to separate jus civile (exclusively applicable to Roman citizens) of jus gentium (as a normative system available to each person regardless the citizenship). We will see the jus gentium as the foundation of International Law creation during the Middle Age.

the reman, international law

L'autonomie de la volonté et les exigences du droit de la concurrence en Europe (The autonomy of willpower and the requirements of the competition law in europe)

On a créé les Lois, en esprit ovidien donc, pour limiter le pouvoir des plus forts. L'idée de l'institution de règles précises destinées à un bon arbitrage dans les jeux de la compétition ou même de la lutte entre les divers acteurs économiques est une idée très ancienne. La raison même de l'existence des Lois est de tempérer le Pouvoir. C'est en ce sens qu'Ovidius Publius Naso s'était exprimé poétiquement il y deux mille ans. Et, bien avant lui, les Hittites et bien encore auparavant, les Assyriens (selon les petites tables cappadociennes). C'est, entre autres, le motif pour lequel nous avons choisi ce thème pour notre conférence. Par ailleurs, le concept de liberté économique illimitée des cocontractants est aussi très ancien. En pleine Époque classique romaine, période au cours de laquelle Ovidius Publius Naso a d'ailleurs vécu, le droit privé a été enrichi par le principe de l'autonomie de la volonté dans le cadre des rapports contractuels. C'est un principe qui jouait le rôle libérateur des énergies de la vie du contrat, trop limitées par les rigueurs excessives du formalisme ancien. En contrepoids au principe de l'autonomie de la volonté, l'intérêt social (et, par conséquence, la cause sociale du contrat) a connu une naissance tardive au Moyen Age. C'était grâce aux préoccupations sociales que la Chrétienté s'était rapprochée, par son Église (au niveau des confusions mêmes) des besoins de tous les gens, de tous les pauvres. Autrement dit, elle s'était confondue avec les nécessités générales, pas seulement avec celles des " majoritaires ". De cette manière est né le " droit de la concurrence ", comme un " droit " du consommateur avant la lettre, une branche de droit qui relativise la force de la ainsi nommée : "main invisible du marché" (Adam Smith). Aussi, le droit de la concurrence a la vertu suprême de pacifier la société et les rapports entre les États qui le reconnaissent (comme, exempli gratia, dans l'Union européenne), du moins dans le périmètre du domaine essentiel du commerce. The Law has been created, in Ovidien spirit, for limitation the power of the most powerful. The idea of having certain laws in order to achieve a good arbitrage in the frame of competition or even in the frame of the fight between different economic actors is a very old one. The power is the main reason for the laws. Ovidius Publius Naso has been expressed this in a poetically manner thousand years ago. A very long time ago, before him, the Hittites, the Assyrians (conforming to the Cappadociennes tins) expressed the same conceptions. This is one of the reasons we have been chosen this topic for our article. The concept of limitless economical power of the co-contractors is also very old. When Ovidius Publius Naso has been living, at the height of Roman classical period, the Private Law has been enriched by the autonomy of will principle. This principle has had the role of releasing the energies of the contracts' life that was too limitated by the excessive rigors of the ancient formalism. Unlike the autonomy of will principle, the social interest (and consequently, the social cause of the contract) has been a tardy birth in the Middle Age. This was thanks to the social concern of Christianity and the Churches (even at the level of confusion) for all the people, for all the poor people. In other words, it was confused with the general needs, not only with those of the "majority ". In this way, the Competition Law is born like a " Law of the consumer " avant la lettre, as law branch that shows the relativity of the force of so-called " invisible hand of the market " (Adam Smith). At the same time, the Competition Law has the supreme virtue of pacifying the society and the relationships between the States who are recognizing it (like e.g. the European Union) at least in the frame of the essential area of commerce.competition, law, europe

Comportement de l’individu questionne le cas du consommateur (Response behavior of the human subject the consumer case)

Ce document résume les différents chapitres d’une thèse de doctorat sur le comportement de réponse des consommateurs soumis à un questionnement dans le cadre de recherches ou d’études marketing. Le biais du répondant se définit comme l’erreur de mesure résultant de l’adoption d’un comportement de réponse spécifique par le consommateur interrogé, s’il croit avoir discerné, même partiellement, l’objectif du questionnement. La littérature en psychologie expérimentale et en comportement du consommateur ainsi qu’une étude exploratoire qualitative permettent d’expliquer le comportement de réponse sous la forme d’un modèle de traitement de l’information qui permet d’identifier le biais du répondant. Cette approche séquentielle a permis de développer avec rigueur (ACP, AFC, MTMM) des outils de mesures regroupés au sein d’un questionnaire de détection du comportement de réponse. Enfin, trois études empiriques conduisent à évaluer l’ampleur du biais du répondant dans la collecte de données et son incidence directe sur l’analyse statistique de ces données. Les effets de variables de la situation de questionnement et les liens entre comportement de réponse et variables caractérisant l’individu (anxiété d’être évalué et traits de personnalité) sont aussi explorés. This paper presents a summary of a doctoral thesis that deals with the issue of human behavior during a marketing quantitative study. Demand bias is defined as the error resulting from the adoption of a specific response behavior by the person questioned, if he or she believes to have identified the purpose of the inquiring, even partially. Psychological and consumer behavior literature and a first empirical study show that response behavior can be explain through an information processing model that allows for identification of biases. Measuring tools (evaluation scales and questions) were rigorously developed (PCA, Confirmatory Analysis, MTMM) and gathered in a questionnaire designed to classify biases. Three empirical studies highlight the means and effects of the demand bias and examine the exogenous and endogenous factors that influence the mediation of the demand biasconsumer, human behavior, demand bias, marketing

Civisme et Conscience en Europe (Citizenship and conscience in europe)

Les auteurs tentent de trouver l’espace juridique qui permet d’aider à l’harmonisation de deux attachements juridiquement : celui relatif à l’espace national et celui ancré dans l’esprit nouveau de la citoyenneté européenne. La voie commune est celle de l’élection au suffrage universel à l’échelle européenne pour le Parlement mais aussi pour le Président du Conseil européen et l’acceptation d’un referendum européen unique pour la Constitution ou un nouveau traité, de manière à ce que, sur ce thème, se prononce le peuple européen dans son ensemble, et non les différents peuples séparément. The authors try to find the legal framework which makes possible the harmonization of two juridical attachments: the one related to the national space and the one which is fixed within in the new spirit of the European citizenship. The common way is that of the election by the universal suffrage on a European scale for the Parliament but also for the President of the European Council and the acceptance of a single European referendum for the Constitution or any new treaty, so that, on this topic, the European people as a whole come to a conclusion, and not the various people separately.Citizenship, Europe, common way, harmonization

Molecular Detection of the Adult Plant Leaf Rust Resistance Gene Lr34 in Romanian Winter Wheat Germplasm

Wheat continues to be one of the most cultivated cereals in the world, and also in Romania. Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina reduces the wheat yield and grains quality worldwide. In the context of climate change, leaf rust has become a more important problem for both wheat growers and breeders in our country. Use of genetic resources, carrying rust resistance genes, play an important role in breeding programs leading to resistant varieties, which can have positive impact on environment and economy. Therefore, the identification of resistance genes in modern wheat cultivars and breeding lines, and then selection of the best resistance genes combination(s) are the first steps for a successful breeding program. At present, one of the best known and studied adult plant leaf rust resistance gene is Lr34 that contributes significantly to durable leaf rust resistance. The functional markers that enable early detection of this gene are a major advantage in the wheat breeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of the slow rusting resistance gene Lr34 in Romanian wheat germplasm, using cssfr4 and cssfr5 molecular markers. Screening of 47 winter bread wheat cultivars and 47 breeding lines with these markers showed the presence of the Lr34 resistant haplotype in 62% (homozygous genotypes) of the total genotypes. A high frequency (79%) of Lr34 resistance allele was found among 47 breeding lines, suggesting that maintenance of a high frequency of this allele represents a real advantage for the development of adult plant resistance in Romanian breeding programs

Reducing Subjectivity: Meditation and Implicit Bias

Implicit association of racial stereotypes is brought about by social conditioning (Greenwald & Krieger, 2006). This conditioning can be explained by attractor networks (Sharp, 2011). Reducing implicit bias through meditation can show the effectiveness of reducing the rigidity of attractor networks, thereby reducing subjectivity. Mindfulness meditation has shown to reduce bias from the use of one single guided session conducted before performing an Implicit Association Test (Lueke & Gibson, 2015). Attachment to socially conditioned racial bias should become less prevalent through practicing meditation over time. An experimental model is proposed to test this claim along with a reconceptualization of consciousness based in meditative practice

Confirming chemical clocks: asteroseismic age dissection of the Milky Way disc(s)

Investigations of the origin and evolution of the Milky Way disc have long relied on chemical and kinematic identifications of its components to reconstruct our Galactic past. Difficulties in determining precise stellar ages have restricted most studies to small samples, normally confined to the solar neighbourhood. Here, we break this impasse with the help of asteroseismic inference and perform a chronology of the evolution of the disc throughout the age of the Galaxy. We chemically dissect the Milky Way disc population using a sample of red giant stars spanning out to 2 kpc in the solar annulus observed by the Kepler satellite, with the added dimension of asteroseismic ages. Our results reveal a clear difference in age between the low- and high-α populations, which also show distinct velocity dispersions in the V and W components. We find no tight correlation between age and metallicity nor [α/Fe] for the high-α disc stars. Our results indicate that this component formed over a period of more than 2 Gyr with a wide range of [M/H] and [α/Fe] independent of time. Our findings show that the kinematic properties of young α-rich stars are consistent with the rest of the high-α population and different from the low-α stars of similar age, rendering support to their origin being old stars that went through a mass transfer or stellar merger event, making them appear younger, instead of migration of truly young stars formed close to the Galactic bar

Characterisation of weld zone reactions in dissimilar glass-to-aluminium pulsed picosecond laser welds

Precision welded joints, produced between fused silica glass and aluminium by a newly-developed picosecond-pulse laser technique, have been analysed for the first time using a full range of electron microscopy methods. The welds were produced as lap joints by focusing a 1.2 μm diameter laser beam through the transparent glass top sheet, slightly below the surface of the metal bottom sheet. Despite the extremely short interaction time, extensive reaction was observed in the weld zone, which involved the formation of nanocrystalline silicon and at least two transitional alumina phases, γ- and δ-Al2O3. The weld formation process was found to be complex and involved: the formation of a constrained plasma cavity at the joint interface, non-linear absorption in the glass, and the creation of multiple secondary keyholes in the metal substrate by beam scattering. The joint area was found to expand outside of the main interaction volume, as the energy absorbed into the low conductivity and higher melting point silica glass sheet melted the aluminium surface across a wider contact area. The reasons for the appearance of nanocrystalline Si and transitional alumina reaction products within the welds are discussed

Transmission and control of Plasmodium knowlesi: a mathematical modelling study.

INTRODUCTION: Plasmodium knowlesi is now recognised as a leading cause of malaria in Malaysia. As humans come into increasing contact with the reservoir host (long-tailed macaques) as a consequence of deforestation, assessing the potential for a shift from zoonotic to sustained P. knowlesi transmission between humans is critical. METHODS: A multi-host, multi-site transmission model was developed, taking into account the three areas (forest, farm, and village) where transmission is thought to occur. Latin hypercube sampling of model parameters was used to identify parameter sets consistent with possible prevalence in macaques and humans inferred from observed data. We then explore the consequences of increasing human-macaque contact in the farm, the likely impact of rapid treatment, and the use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) in preventing wider spread of this emerging infection. RESULTS: Identified model parameters were consistent with transmission being sustained by the macaques with spill over infections into the human population and with high overall basic reproduction numbers (up to 2267). The extent to which macaques forage in the farms had a non-linear relationship with human infection prevalence, the highest prevalence occurring when macaques forage in the farms but return frequently to the forest where they experience higher contact with vectors and hence sustain transmission. Only one of 1,046 parameter sets was consistent with sustained human-to-human transmission in the absence of macaques, although with a low human reproduction number (R(0H) = 1.04). Simulations showed LLINs and rapid treatment provide personal protection to humans with maximal estimated reductions in human prevalence of 42% and 95%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This model simulates conditions where P. knowlesi transmission may occur and the potential impact of control measures. Predictions suggest that conventional control measures are sufficient at reducing the risk of infection in humans, but they must be actively implemented if P. knowlesi is to be controlled

Chasing the impact of the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus merger on the formation of the Milky Way thick disc

We employ our Bayesian Machine Learning framework BINGO (Bayesian INference for Galactic archaeOlogy) to obtain high-quality stellar age estimates for 68 360 red giant and red clump stars present in the 17th data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, the APOGEE-2 high-resolution spectroscopic survey. By examining the denoised age-metallicity relationship of the Galactic disc stars, we identify a drop in metallicity with an increase in [Mg/Fe] at an early epoch, followed by a chemical enrichment episode with increasing [Fe/H] and decreasing [Mg/Fe]. This result is congruent with the chemical evolution induced by an early-epoch gas-rich merger identified in the Milky Way-like zoom-in cosmological simulation Auriga. In the initial phase of the merger of Auriga 18 there is a drop in metallicity due to the merger diluting the metal content and an increase in the [Mg/Fe] of the primary galaxy. Our findings suggest that the last massive merger of our Galaxy, the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus, was likely a significant gas-rich merger and induced a starburst, contributing to the chemical enrichment and building of the metal-rich part of the thick disc at an early epoch