Sonora Dodd Key to the City of Spokane, 2018

Key to the City of Spokane, presented posthumously to Sonora Dodd, who was inducted into the Spokane Citizen Hall of Fame in 2018.https://digitalcommons.whitworth.edu/fathers-day-artifacts/1006/thumbnail.jp

Evaluation of the effectiveness of different indicator PCBs to estimating total PCB concentrations in environmental investigations

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are one of the most widely studied group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). There are 209 different PCBs, however not all 209 can currently be individually quantified in one analytical run. This means that a subset of PCBs congeners are often determined and reported. Some of the most commonly reported subsets are the 7 indicator PCBs (28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180) and the WHO 12 PCBs (77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169 and 189). The WHO 12 congeners are co-planar ‘dioxin like’ PCBs that are effective for establishing health risks. The 7 indicator PCBs were selected as some of the most common PCBs across the compositional range of the most common technical mixtures (such as Aroclors), and are used to give an indication of the total PCB concentrations. These groups of indicator PCBs were established several decades ago. However, in the environment commercial mixtures are subject to weathering and fractionation processes, and additional sources of non-Aroclor PCBs are also becoming more important. In this manuscript we use existing large scale comprehensive congener specific datasets to evaluate the effectiveness of indicator PCBs to predict total concentrations and establish if they are still fit for purpose. The results indicate that while these traditional indicators are a useful tool to estimate total concentrations in humans with background exposure there are many instances where they are not fit for purpose and can lead to significant under predictions in total PCB concentrations in environmental matrices

Drug law enforcement : a review of the evaluation literature

This article describes the results of a systematic review of drug law enforcement evaluations. The authors describe the search procedures and document the results in five main categories: international/national interventions (e.g., interdiction and drug seizure), reactive/ directed interventions (e.g., crackdowns, raids, buy-busts, saturation patrol, etc.), proactive/ partnership interventions (e.g., third-party policing, problem-oriented policing, community policing, drug nuisance abatement, etc.), individualized interventions (e.g., arrest referral and diversion), or interventions that used a combination of reactive/directed and proactive/ partnership strategies. Results indicate that proactive interventions involving partnerships between the police and third parties and/or community entities appear to be more effective at reducing both drug and nondrug problems in drug problem places than are reactive/ directed approaches. But the general quality of research in drug law enforcement is poor, the range of interventions that have been evaluated is limited, and more high-quality research is needed across a greater variety of drug interventions