Effects of oxygen depletion on soot production, emission and radiative heat transfer in opposed-flow flame spreading over insulated wire in microgravity

This paper investigates experimentally and numerically pressure effects on soot production and radiative heat transfer in non-buoyant opposed-flow flames spreading over wires coated by Low Density PolyEthylene (LPDE). Experiments, conducted in parabolic flights, consider pressure levels ranging from 50.7 kPa to 121.6 kPa and an oxidizer flowing parallel to the wire's axis at a velocity of 150 mm/s and composed of 20% O2/80% N2 in volume. The numerical model includes a detailed chemistry, a two-equation smoke-point based soot production model, a radiation model coupling the Full-Spectrum correlated-k method with the finite volume method and a simple degradation model for LDPE. An analysis of the experimental data shows that the spread rate, the pyrolysis mass flow rate, and the residence time for soot formation are independent of pressure whereas the soot formation rate is third-order in pressure. The model reproduces quantitatively the effects of pressure on soot production and captures the transition from non-smoking to smoking flames. The radiant fraction increases with pressure because of an enhancement in soot radiation whereas the contribution of radiating gases remains approximately constant over the range of pressures considered. In addition, gas radiation dominates at pressure lower than 75 kPa whereas soot radiation prevails at higher-pressure levels. Consistently with the data obtained at normal gravity, the smoke-point transition is found to occur for a radiant fraction of about 0.3 and the soot oxidation freezing temperature is estimated in the range 1350-1450K. Eventually, whatever the pressure considered, the surface re-radiation from the wire is higher than the incident radiative flux from the flame to the surface along the entire wire. This shows that radiative heat transfer contributes negatively to the heating of the unburnt LDPE and to the heat balance along the pyrolysing surface

Accessing the soot-related radiative heat feedback in a flame spreading in microgravity: optical designs and associated limitations

Novel, high-fidelity results related to soot from microgravity flames were obtained by an international topical team on fire safety in space. More specifically, embedded optical techniques for evaluation of the soot-related radiative feedback to the base material from a spreading non-premixed flame in microgravity were developed. The configuration used a non-buoyant axisymmetric flame propagating in an opposed laminar stream overa Low Density PolyEthylene coating of an electrical wire. Within this context, both the standard Broadband Two Color Pyrometry (B2CP) and its recent extension Broadband Modulated Absorption/Emission (BMAE) technique can be deployed to measure the spatial distribution of soot temperature and volume fraction within the flame. Both fields are then processed to establish the field of local radiative balance attributed to soot within the flame, and ultimately the soot contribution to the radiative flux to the wire. The present study first assesses the consistency of the methodology contrasting an experimental frame and a synthetic one, the latter being produced by a signal modeling that processes fields delivered by a numerical simulation of the configuration as inputs. Using the synthetic signals obtained, the fields of local radiative balance within the flame are then computed and significant discrepancies were disclosed locally between the fields originating from the synthetic BMAE and B2CP inputs. Nevertheless, the subsequent evaluation of the soot-related radiative heat feedback to the wire shows that a weak deviation among the techniques implemented is expected. This finding is corroborated by similar evaluations conducted with experimental BMAE and B2CP measurements obtained in parabolic flights. As BMAE is implemented in an ISS configuration within the SCEM rig, BMAE and B2CP will soon provide long-duration soot observations in microgravity. In order to contrast the upcoming results, this current study quantifies discrepancies originating from the post-processing regarding soot temperature and volume fraction, and shows that the radiative feedback evaluation from both methods should be consistent

Accessing the soot-related radiative heat feedback in a flame spreading in microgravity: Optical designs and associated limitations

Novel, high-fidelity results related to soot from microgravity flames were obtained by an international topical team on fire safety in space. More specifically, embedded optical techniques for evaluation of the soot-related radiative feedback to the base material from a spreading non-premixed flame in microgravity were developed. The configuration used a non-buoyant axisymmetric flame propagating in an opposed laminar stream over a Low Density PolyEthylene coating of an electrical wire. Within this context, both the standard Broadband Two Color Pyrometry (B2CP) and its recent extension Broadband Modulated Absorption/Emission (BMAE) technique can be deployed to measure the spatial distribution of soot temperature and volume fraction within the flame. Both fields are then processed to establish the field of local radiative balance attributed to soot within the flame, and ultimately the soot contribution to the radiative flux to the wire. The present study first assesses the consistency of the methodology contrasting an experimental frame and a synthetic one, the latter being produced by a signal modeling that processes fields delivered by a numerical simulation of the configuration as inputs. Using the synthetic signals obtained, the fields of local radiative balance within the flame are then computed and significant discrepancies were disclosed locally between the fields originating from the synthetic BMAE and B2CP inputs. Nevertheless, the subsequent evaluation of the soot-related radiative heat feedback to the wire shows that a weak deviation among the techniques implemented is expected. This finding is corroborated by similar evaluations conducted with experimental BMAE and B2CP measurements obtained in parabolic flights. As BMAE is implemented in an ISS configuration within the SCEM rig, BMAE and B2CP will soon provide long-duration soot observations in microgravity. In order to contrast the upcoming results, this current study quantifies discrepancies originating from the post-processing regarding soot temperature and volume fraction, and shows that the radiative feedback evaluation from both methods should be consistent

Evolution of Class IITCPgenes in perianth bearing Piperales and their contribution to the bilateral calyx in Aristolochia

[EN] Controlled spatiotemporal cell division and expansion are responsible for floral bilateral symmetry. Genetic studies have pointed to class II TCP genes as major regulators of cell division and floral patterning in model core eudicots. Here we study their evolution in perianth-bearing Piperales and their expression in Aristolochia, a rare occurrence of bilateral perianth outside eudicots and monocots. The evolution of class II TCP genes reveals single-copy CYCLOIDEA-like genes and three paralogs of CINCINNATA (CIN) in early diverging angiosperms. All class II TCP genes have independently duplicated in Aristolochia subgenus Siphisia. Also CIN2 genes duplicated before the diversification of Saruma and Asarum. Sequence analysis shows that CIN1 and CIN3 share motifs with Cyclin proteins and CIN2 genes have lost the miRNA319a binding site. Expression analyses of all paralogs of class II TCP genes in Aristolochia fimbriata point to a role of CYC and CIN genes in maintaining differential perianth expansion during mid- and late flower developmental stages by promoting cell division in the distal and ventral portion of the limb. It is likely that class II TCP genes also contribute to cell division in the leaf, the gynoecium and the ovules in A. fimbriata.We thank Anny Garces Palacio, Sarita Munoz, Pablo Perez-Mesa (Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia), Cecilia Zumajo-Cardona (The New York Botanical Garden), Ana Berbel and Clara Ines Ortiz-Ramirez (Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UVP, Valencia, Spain) for photographs and assistance during laboratory work. We also thank Sebastian Gonzalez (Massachusetts College of Art and Design) for taking some of the photographs in Figs 1 and 2. Thanks are also due to the Dresden Junior Fellowship for allowing the visiting professor fellowship of NPM to the Technishe Universitat Dresden during 2019. This research was funded by Estrategia de Sostenibilidad 2018-2019 the Convocatoria Programaticas 2017-2018 (code 2017-16302), and the 2018-2019 Fondo de Internacionalizacion (code 201926230) from the Universidad de Antioquia, the iCOOP + 2016 grant COOPB20250 from Centro Superior de Investigacion Cientifica, CSIC and the ExpoSEED (H2020.MSCA-RISE2015-691109) EU grant.Pabon-Mora, N.; Madrigal, Y.; Alzate, JF.; Ambrose, BA.; Ferrandiz Maestre, C.; Wanke, S.; Neinhuis, C.... (2020). Evolution of Class IITCPgenes in perianth bearing Piperales and their contribution to the bilateral calyx in Aristolochia. New Phytologist. 228(2):752-769. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.167197527692282Aguilar-Martínez, J. A., Poza-Carrión, C., & Cubas, P. (2007). Arabidopsis BRANCHED1Acts as an Integrator of Branching Signals within Axillary Buds. 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Similar Genetic Mechanisms Underlie the Parallel Evolution of Floral Phenotypes

The repeated origin of similar phenotypes is invaluable for studying the underlying genetics of adaptive traits; molecular evidence, however, is lacking for most examples of such similarity. The floral morphology of neotropical Malpighiaceae is distinctive and highly conserved, especially with regard to symmetry, and is thought to result from specialization on oil-bee pollinators. We recently demonstrated that CYCLOIDEA2–like genes (CYC2A and CYC2B) are associated with the development of the stereotypical floral zygomorphy that is critical to this plant–pollinator mutualism. Here, we build on this developmental framework to characterize floral symmetry in three clades of Malpighiaceae that have independently lost their oil bee association and experienced parallel shifts in their floral morphology, especially in regard to symmetry. We show that in each case these species exhibit a loss of CYC2B function, and a strikingly similar shift in the expression of CYC2A that is coincident with their shift in floral symmetry. These results indicate that similar floral phenotypes in this large angiosperm clade have evolved via parallel genetic changes from an otherwise highly conserved developmental program

Genetic Analysis of Floral Symmetry in Van Gogh's Sunflowers Reveals Independent Recruitment of CYCLOIDEA Genes in the Asteraceae

The genetic basis of floral symmetry is a topic of great interest because of its effect on pollinator behavior and, consequently, plant diversification. The Asteraceae, which is the largest family of flowering plants, is an ideal system in which to study this trait, as many species within the family exhibit a compound inflorescence containing both bilaterally symmetric (i.e., zygomorphic) and radially symmetric (i.e., actinomorphic) florets. In sunflower and related species, the inflorescence is composed of a single whorl of ray florets surrounding multiple whorls of disc florets. We show that in double-flowered (dbl) sunflower mutants (in which disc florets develop bilateral symmetry), such as those captured by Vincent van Gogh in his famous nineteenth-century sunflower paintings, an insertion into the promoter region of a CYCLOIDEA (CYC)-like gene (HaCYC2c) that is normally expressed specifically in WT rays is instead expressed throughout the inflorescence, presumably resulting in the observed loss of actinomorphy. This same gene is mutated in two independent tubular-rayed (tub) mutants, though these mutations involve apparently recent transposon insertions, resulting in little or no expression and radialization of the normally zygomorphic ray florets. Interestingly, a phylogenetic analysis of CYC-like genes from across the family suggests that different paralogs of this fascinating gene family have been independently recruited to specify zygomorphy in different species within the Asteraceae

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age  6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score  652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N = 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in Asia and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

Caracterisation of the impulse response parameters for the wideband indoor propagation channels in 450 MHz, 900 MHz 2400 MHz and 5800 MHz bands

International audienc

Extraction and study of enzymes linked to malate metabolism in tree leaves

International audienc

Soot Production and Radiative Heat Transfer in Opposed Flame Spread over a Polyethylene Insulated Wire in Microgravity

International audienc