Evaluating Communication Tools and Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Vermont Head Start Classrooms

Introduction: We designed a program for four Head Start classrooms that aimed to: 1) Provide classrooms a tool that would facilitate communication with families about nutrition, 2) Educate families about the MyMeal tool, and 3) Increase fruit and vegetable consumption by providing families with fresh fruits and vegetables Fruit and vegetables are important components of a healthy diet, and sufficient consumption helps reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and obesity. Eating behaviors during childhood are highly parentally influenced and function as the foundation for future eating patterns. Studies have shown that the extent to which fruits and vegetables are present and accessible in the home correlates with the amount of fruit and vegetables eaten by children.https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/comphp_gallery/1210/thumbnail.jp

Carbon nanotubes and metal nanoparticles as electrode platform for sensors and biosensors

Este trabajo se centra principalmente en la mejora de las propiedades de los sensores y/o biosensores utilizando nanotubos de carbono y nanopartículas metálicas como plataformas de electrodo. Después de haber considerado varios ejemplos de la literatura, para alcanzar este objetivo se ha decidido integrar las nanopartículas metálicas en la superficie de los nanotubos de carbono para conseguir las ventajas de las propiedades de los dos materiales; por esta razón se han ensayado diversos procedimientos de síntesis de la literatura, y éstos han sido adaptados y optimizados. Esta primera etapa del trabajo tuvo como objetivo encontrar un protocolo sintético fácil y rápido para generar un material nano-híbrido y ha terminado con un protocolo de síntesis eficaz que calificaríamos "one-pot" ya que permite tener el material final deseado sin etapas de purificación intermedias. Por supuesto, el protocolo tiene que modificarse ligeramente dependiendo de las nanopartículas metálicas deseadas. Los materiales nano-híbridos obtenidos se han caracterizado, especialmente a través de microscopía electrónica de transmisión (TEM), pero también a veces con microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM), después de cada síntesis para verificar si el protocolo estaba funcionando. El siguiente paso ha sido la prueba del material nano-híbrido, aplicándolo a la superficie de un electrodo de epoxy-grafito (mayormente utilizado en nuestro laboratorio) o un electrodo serigrafiado (SPE) para la detección de una biomolécula, tirosina. La prueba mostró resultados notables (Artículo 1), con una clara mejora de la capacidad de detección y la sensibilidad del material nano-híbrido contra el electrodo serigrafiado sin modificación o la modificación con sólo los nanotubos de carbono (sin nanopartículas metálicas). Después de este éxito se prepararon otros materiales nano-híbridos con diferentes nanopartículas metálicas; el objetivo era experimentar en un sistema multi electrodos utilizado en nuestro laboratorio, la lengua electrónica, que se utiliza para la resolución de mezclas de analitos. Un sistema de lengua electrónica no es sólo un conjunto de sensores (que se explicará mejor en la introducción de este trabajo), sino que también necesita una etapa de procesamiento de datos ya que los analitos que participan en el proceso suministran señales similares, por lo que se necesita una interpretación quimiométrica avanzada (en nuestro caso con redes neuronales artificiales). Con el objeto de recoger nuevas variantes, en este caso la utilización de biosensores enzimáticos, parte de este trabajo se ha llevado a cabo en la Universidad de Lund (Suecia), en colaboración con el grupo del Prof. Lo Gorton; de esta manera se ha podido aplicar la parte de procesamiento informático sin tener que preocuparse también de la optimización de los electrodos, ya que en ese grupo ya se habían optimizado los biosensores que podrían ser utilizados para nuestro propósito. Esta colaboración dio lugar a un resultado interesante (Artículo 3 - manuscrito) en los que hemos sido capaces de construir una proof-of-concept de una innovadora lengua bio-electrónica usando variaciones de una enzima específica (celobiosa deshidrogenasa - CDH) como elemento de detección que nunca se había construido antes. El último paso de este trabajo ha sido la integración de los materiales nano-híbridos sintetizados en los sensores para la lengua electrónica utilizada en nuestro laboratorio. Los objetivos de la lengua electrónica han sido los azúcares presentes en bagazo de caña utilizado para la producción de biocombustibles. Los resultados recogidos y la buena predicción del sistema de lengua electrónica han sido excelentes y han sido publicados recientemente (artículo 2), y enseñan una proof-ofconcept de un sistema de trabajo para la resolución de mezclas de azúcares.This work is mainly focused on the improvement of the properties of sensors and/or biosensors using carbon nanotubes and metal nanoparticles as electrode platform. After having gone through a good amount of literature examples, to reach this goal it has been decided to embed the metal nanoparticles on the carbon nanotubes surface to be able to take advantage of both material properties; for this reason, various synthetic procedures from the literature has been tested, modifying and optimizing them. This first step of the work was aimed to find a facile and quick synthetic protocol to generate a nano-hybrid material and it ended with an effective one-pot synthetic protocol that allows having the final desired material without intermediate purification steps. Of course the protocol has to be slightly modified depending on the desired metal nanoparticles. The obtained nano-hybrid materials have been characterised, especially through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) but also some time with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), after every synthesis to verify if the protocol was working. The next step has been a test of the nano-hybrid material, applying it to the surface of an epoxy graphite electrode (largely used in our lab) or a screen-printed electrode (SPE) for the detection of a biomolecule, Tyrosine. This test showed remarkable results (Article 1) with a clear improvement of the detection ability and sensitivity of the nano-hybrid material against the bare screen-printed electrode or the modification with only carbon nanotubes (without metal nanoparticles). After this success few different nano-hybrid materials have been prepared with different metal nanoparticles with the objective to try them in an electrode array system commonly used in our lab, the electronic tongue system, used for the resolution of mixtures of analytes. An electronic tongue system is not just an array of sensors (this would be better explained in the Introduction of this work), but it also needs a step of data processing since the analytes involved in the process supply very similar results; for this, an advanced chemometric treatment is needed, (in our case using Artificial Neural Networks). With the aim of gathering new variants, in this case the use of enzymatic biosensors, part of this work has been carried out at the Lund University (Sweden) in collaboration with the group of Prof. Lo Gorton; in this way, the computer processing part could be applied without having to worry also of the electrode optimization, since in that group they already had optimized biosensors that could be used for our purpose. This collaboration resulted in an interesting outcome (Article 3 - manuscript) where we have been able to build as a proof-ofconcept a novel bio-electronic tongue with variation of a specific enzyme (cellobiose dehydrogenase - CDH), a sensing element never used before in this manner. The last step of this work has been the integration of the synthesised nano-hybrid materials in the sensors for the electronic tongue used in our lab. The targets of the electronic tongue have been the sugars present in sugarcane bagasse used for the production of bio-fuels. The results collected and the goodness of prediction of the electronic tongue system have been satisfactory and they have been recently published (Article 2), showing a proof-of-concept of a working system for sugar mixtures resolution

Resolution of galactose, glucose, xylose and mannose in sugarcane bagasse employing a voltammetric electronic tongue formed by metals oxy-hydroxide/MWCNT modified electrodes

Second generation ethanol is produced from the carbohydrates released from the cell wall of bagasse and straw of sugarcane. The objective of this work is the characterization and application of a voltammetric electronic tongue using an array of glassy carbon electrodes modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes containing metal (Paladium, Gold, Copper, Nickel and Cobalt) oxy-hydroxide nanoparticles (GCE/MWCNT/MetalsOOH) towards a simpler analysis of carbohydrates (glucose, xylose, galactose and mannose). The final architecture of the back-propagation Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model had 36 input neurons and a hidden layer with 5 neurons. The ANN based prediction model has provided satisfactory concentrations for all carbohydrates; the obtained response had a maximum NRMSE of 12.4% with a maximum deviation of slopes in the obtained vs. expected comparison graph of 15%. For all species, the comparison correlation coefficient was of r ≥ 0.99 for the training subset and of r ≥ 0.96 for the test subset

Evaluation of antibody response to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients affected by immune-mediated inflammatory diseases up to 5 months after vaccination

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with mRNA product BNT162b2 elicited high immunogenicity in healthy subjects in trials. This study aims to better understand the factors that influence the humoral immune response to vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). We enrolled patients and healthy healthcare workers control group (HCW) that underwent mRNA BNT162b2 vaccination and measured the serum IgG anti-S-RBD response at booster dose (T1), one month after booster dose (T2) and up to 5 months (T3). Demographic, disease-specific and vaccination data were recorded. Vaccination response of 551 participants naïve to SARS-CoV-2 infection were included in HCW and 102 in the IMID group, analyzing separately those on anti-CD20. At T2 all naïve HCW developed anti-S-RBD-IgG, while 94% of IMID responded (p < 0.001). IMID patients had a significantly different level of IgG than HCW at both T1 (p = 0.031), T2 (p < 0.001), while there was no significant difference at T3. There were no statistically significant differences according to the IMID type or to ongoing treatment with immunosuppressants, corticosteroids or biological drugs other than anti-CD20. The proportion and magnitude of response was significantly lower in IMID treated with anti-CD20 drugs. There was a correlation with age at T1 and at T2 but not at T3, stronger in patients than in HCW. Immune response close after BNT162b2 vaccination is reduced in patients with IMID, but there is no significant difference at 5 months. The measured reduction is related to age and the disease itself rather than treatments, with the exception of anti-CD20 drugs

A review of the main genetic factors influencing the course of COVID-19 in Sardinia: the role of human leukocyte antigen-G

Introduction: A large number of risk and protective factors have been identified during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic which may influence the outcome of COVID-19. Among these, recent studies have explored the role of HLA-G molecules and their immunomodulatory effects in COVID-19, but there are very few reports exploring the genetic basis of these manifestations. The present study aims to investigate how host genetic factors, including HLA-G gene polymorphisms and sHLA-G, can affect SARS-CoV-2 infection. Materials and Methods: We compared the immune-genetic and phenotypic characteristics between COVID-19 patients (n = 381) with varying degrees of severity of the disease and 420 healthy controls from Sardinia (Italy). Results: HLA-G locus analysis showed that the extended haplotype HLA-G*01:01:01:01/UTR-1 was more prevalent in both COVID-19 patients and controls. In particular, this extended haplotype was more common among patients with mild symptoms than those with severe symptoms [22.7% vs 15.7%, OR = 0.634 (95% CI 0.440 – 0.913); P = 0.016]. Furthermore, the most significant HLA-G 3’UTR polymorphism (rs371194629) shows that the HLA-G 3’UTR Del/Del genotype frequency decreases gradually from 27.6% in paucisymptomatic patients to 15.9% in patients with severe symptoms (X2 = 7.095, P = 0.029), reaching the lowest frequency (7.0%) in ICU patients (X2 = 11.257, P = 0.004). However, no significant differences were observed for the soluble HLA-G levels in patients and controls. Finally, we showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Sardinian population is also influenced by other genetic factors such as β-thalassemia trait (rs11549407C>T in the HBB gene), KIR2DS2/HLA-C C1+ group combination and the HLA-B*58:01, C*07:01, DRB1*03:01 haplotype which exert a protective effect [P = 0.005, P = 0.001 and P = 0.026 respectively]. Conversely, the Neanderthal LZTFL1 gene variant (rs35044562A>G) shows a detrimental consequence on the disease course [P = 0.001]. However, by using a logistic regression model, HLA-G 3’UTR Del/Del genotype was independent from the other significant variables [ORM = 0.4 (95% CI 0.2 – 0.7), PM = 6.5 x 10-4]. Conclusion: Our results reveal novel genetic variants which could potentially serve as biomarkers for disease prognosis and treatment, highlighting the importance of considering genetic factors in the management of COVID-19 patients

The double-sided of human leukocyte antigen-G molecules in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis

The immunomodulatory effects of HLA-G expression and its role in cancers, human liver infections and liver transplantation are well documented, but so far, there are only a few reports addressing autoimmune liver diseases, particularly autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Method and materialsWe analyzed the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of HLA-G in 205 type 1 AIH patients (AIH-1) and a population of 210 healthy controls from Sardinia (Italy). ResultsAnalysis of the HLA-G locus showed no substantial differences in allele frequencies between patients and the healthy control population. The HLA-G UTR-1 haplotype was the most prevalent in both AIH-1 patients and controls (40.24% and 34.29%). Strong linkage was found between the HLA-G UTR-1 haplotype and HLA-DRB1*03:01 in AIH-1 patients but not controls (D' = 0.92 vs D' = 0.50 respectively; P = 1.3x10(-8)). Soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) levels were significantly lower in AIH-1 patients compared to controls [13.9 (11.6 - 17.4) U/mL vs 21.3 (16.5 - 27.8) U/mL; P = 0.011]. Twenty-four patients with mild or moderate inflammatory involvement, as assessed from liver biopsy, showed much higher sHLA-G levels compared to the 28 patients with severe liver inflammation [33.5 (23.6 - 44.8) U/mL vs 8.8 (6.1 - 14.5) U/mL; P = 0.003]. Finally, immunohistochemistry analysis of 52 liver biopsies from AIH-1 patients did not show expression of HLA-G molecules in the liver parenchyma. However, a percentage of 69.2% (36/52) revealed widespread expression of HLA-G both in the cytoplasm and the membrane of plasma cells labeled with anti-HLA-G monoclonal antibodies. ConclusionThis study highlights the positive immunomodulatory effect of HLA-G molecules on the clinical course of AIH-1 and how this improvement closely correlates with plasma levels of sHLA-G. However, our results open the debate on the ambiguous role of HLA-G molecules expressed by plasma cells, which are pathognomonic features of AIH-1

Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex and Other Immunogenetic and Clinical Factors Influence Susceptibility or Protection to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Severity of the Disease Course. The Sardinian Experience

Aim: SARS-CoV-2 infection is a world-wide public health problem. Several aspects of its pathogenesis and the related clinical consequences still need elucidation. In Italy, Sardinia has had very low numbers of infections. Taking advantage of the low genetic polymorphism in the Sardinian population, we analyzed clinical, genetic and immunogenetic factors, with particular attention to HLA class I and II molecules, to evaluate their influence on susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the clinical outcome. Method and Materials: We recruited 619 healthy Sardinian controls and 182 SARS-CoV-2 patients. Thirty-nine patients required hospital care and 143 were without symptoms, pauci-symptomatic or with mild disease. For all participants, we collected demographic and clinical data and analyzed the HLA allele and haplotype frequencies. Results: Male sex and older age were more frequent in hospitalized patients, none of whom had been vaccinated during the previous seasonal flu vaccination campaignes. Compared to the group of asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic patients, hospitalized patients also had a higher frequency of autoimmune diseases and glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PDH) deficiency. None of these patients carried the beta-thalassemia trait, a relatively common finding in the Sardinian population. The extended haplotype HLA-A*02:05, B*58:01, C*07:01, DRB1*03:01 [OR 0.1 (95% CI 0–0.6), Pc = 0.015] was absent in all 182 patients, while the HLA-C*04:01 allele and the three-loci haplotype HLA-A*30:02, B*14:02, C*08:02 [OR 3.8 (95% CI 1.8–8.1), Pc = 0.025] were more frequently represented in patients than controls. In a comparison between in-patients and home care patients, the HLA-DRB1*08:01 allele was exclusively present in the hospitalized patients [OR > 2.5 (95% CI 2.7–220.6), Pc = 0.024]. Conclusion: The data emerging from our study suggest that the extended haplotype HLA-A*02:05, B*58:01, C*07:01, DRB1*03:01 has a protective effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Sardinian population. Genetic factors that resulted to have a negative influence on the disease course were presence of the HLA-DRB1*08:01 allele and G6PDH deficiency, but not the beta-thalassemic trait. Absence of influenza vaccination could be a predisposing factor for more severe disease

Natural killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors trigger differences in immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection

Background: The diversity in the clinical course of COVID-19 has been related to differences in innate and adaptative immune response mechanisms. Natural killer (NK) lymphocytes are critical protagonists of human host defense against viral infections. It would seem that reduced circulating levels of these cells have an impact on COVID-19 progression and severity. Their activity is strongly regulated by killer-cell immuno-globulin-like receptors (KIRs) expressed on the NK cell surface. The present study's focus was to investigate the impact of KIRs and their HLA Class I ligands on SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: KIR gene frequencies, KIR haplotypes, KIR ligands and combinations of KIRs and their HLA Class I ligands were investigated in 396 Sardinian patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Comparisons were made between 2 groups of patients divided according to disease severity: 240 patients were symptomatic or paucisymptomatic (Group A), 156 hospitalized patients had severe disease (Group S). The immunogenetic characteristics of patients were also compared to a population group of 400 individuals from the same geographical areas. Results: Substantial differences were obtained for KIR genes, KIR haplotypes and KIR-HLA ligand combinations when comparing patients of Group S to those of Group A. Patients in Group S had a statistically significant higher frequency of the KIR A/A haplotype compared to patients in Group A [34.6% vs 23.8%, OR = 1.7 (95% CI 1.1-2.6); P = 0.02, Pc = 0.04]. Moreover, the KIR2DS2/HLA C1 combination was poorly represented in the group of patients with severe symptoms compared to those of the asymptomatic-paucisymptomatic group [33.3% vs 50.0%, OR = 0.5 (95% CI 0.3-0.8), P = 0.001, Pc = 0.002]. Multivariate analysis confirmed that, regardless of the sex and age of the patients, the latter genetic variable correlated with a less severe disease course [ORM = 0.4 (95% CI 0.3-0.7), PM = 0.0005, PMC = 0.005]. Conclusions: The KIR2DS2/HLA C1 functional unit resulted to have a strong protective effect against the adverse outcomes of COVID-19. Combined to other well known factors such as advanced age, male sex and concomitant autoimmune diseases, this marker could prove to be highly informative of the disease course and thus enable the timely intervention needed to reduce the mortality associated with the severe forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, larger studies in other populations as well as experimental functional studies will be needed to confirm our findings and further pursue the effect of KIR receptors on NK cell immune-mediated response to SARS-Cov-2 infection

Carbon nanotubes and metal nanoparticles as electrode platform for sensors and biosensors

Este trabajo se centra principalmente en la mejora de las propiedades de los sensores y/o biosensores utilizando nanotubos de carbono y nanopartículas metálicas como plataformas de electrodo. Después de haber considerado varios ejemplos de la literatura, para alcanzar este objetivo se ha decidido integrar las nanopartículas metálicas en la superficie de los nanotubos de carbono para conseguir las ventajas de las propiedades de los dos materiales; por esta razón se han ensayado diversos procedimientos de síntesis de la literatura, y éstos han sido adaptados y optimizados. Esta primera etapa del trabajo tuvo como objetivo encontrar un protocolo sintético fácil y rápido para generar un material nano-híbrido y ha terminado con un protocolo de síntesis eficaz que calificaríamos “one-pot” ya que permite tener el material final deseado sin etapas de purificación intermedias. Por supuesto, el protocolo tiene que modificarse ligeramente dependiendo de las nanopartículas metálicas deseadas. Los materiales nano-híbridos obtenidos se han caracterizado, especialmente a través de microscopía electrónica de transmisión (TEM), pero también a veces con microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM), después de cada síntesis para verificar si el protocolo estaba funcionando. El siguiente paso ha sido la prueba del material nano-híbrido, aplicándolo a la superficie de un electrodo de epoxy-grafito (mayormente utilizado en nuestro laboratorio) o un electrodo serigrafiado (SPE) para la detección de una biomolécula, tirosina. La prueba mostró resultados notables (Artículo 1), con una clara mejora de la capacidad de detección y la sensibilidad del material nano-híbrido contra el electrodo serigrafiado sin modificación o la modificación con sólo los nanotubos de carbono (sin nanopartículas metálicas). Después de este éxito se prepararon otros materiales nano-híbridos con diferentes nanopartículas metálicas; el objetivo era experimentar en un sistema multi electrodos utilizado en nuestro laboratorio, la lengua electrónica, que se utiliza para la resolución de mezclas de analitos. Un sistema de lengua electrónica no es sólo un conjunto de sensores (que se explicará mejor en la introducción de este trabajo), sino que también necesita una etapa de procesamiento de datos ya que los analitos que participan en el proceso suministran señales similares, por lo que se necesita una interpretación quimiométrica avanzada (en nuestro caso con redes neuronales artificiales). Con el objeto de recoger nuevas variantes, en este caso la utilización de biosensores enzimáticos, parte de este trabajo se ha llevado a cabo en la Universidad de Lund (Suecia), en colaboración con el grupo del Prof. Lo Gorton; de esta manera se ha podido aplicar la parte de procesamiento informático sin tener que preocuparse también de la optimización de los electrodos, ya que en ese grupo ya se habían optimizado los biosensores que podrían ser utilizados para nuestro propósito. Esta colaboración dio lugar a un resultado interesante (Artículo 3 - manuscrito) en los que hemos sido capaces de construir una proof-of-concept de una innovadora lengua bio-electrónica usando variaciones de una enzima específica (celobiosa deshidrogenasa - CDH) como elemento de detección que nunca se había construido antes. El último paso de este trabajo ha sido la integración de los materiales nano-híbridos sintetizados en los sensores para la lengua electrónica utilizada en nuestro laboratorio. Los objetivos de la lengua electrónica han sido los azúcares presentes en bagazo de caña utilizado para la producción de biocombustibles. Los resultados recogidos y la buena predicción del sistema de lengua electrónica han sido excelentes y han sido publicados recientemente (artículo 2), y enseñan una proof-ofconcept de un sistema de trabajo para la resolución de mezclas de azúcares.This work is mainly focused on the improvement of the properties of sensors and/or biosensors using carbon nanotubes and metal nanoparticles as electrode platform. After having gone through a good amount of literature examples, to reach this goal it has been decided to embed the metal nanoparticles on the carbon nanotubes surface to be able to take advantage of both material properties; for this reason, various synthetic procedures from the literature has been tested, modifying and optimizing them. This first step of the work was aimed to find a facile and quick synthetic protocol to generate a nano-hybrid material and it ended with an effective one-pot synthetic protocol that allows having the final desired material without intermediate purification steps. Of course the protocol has to be slightly modified depending on the desired metal nanoparticles. The obtained nano-hybrid materials have been characterised, especially through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) but also some time with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), after every synthesis to verify if the protocol was working. The next step has been a test of the nano-hybrid material, applying it to the surface of an epoxy graphite electrode (largely used in our lab) or a screen-printed electrode (SPE) for the detection of a biomolecule, Tyrosine. This test showed remarkable results (Article 1) with a clear improvement of the detection ability and sensitivity of the nano-hybrid material against the bare screen-printed electrode or the modification with only carbon nanotubes (without metal nanoparticles). After this success few different nano-hybrid materials have been prepared with different metal nanoparticles with the objective to try them in an electrode array system commonly used in our lab, the electronic tongue system, used for the resolution of mixtures of analytes. An electronic tongue system is not just an array of sensors (this would be better explained in the Introduction of this work), but it also needs a step of data processing since the analytes involved in the process supply very similar results; for this, an advanced chemometric treatment is needed, (in our case using Artificial Neural Networks). With the aim of gathering new variants, in this case the use of enzymatic biosensors, part of this work has been carried out at the Lund University (Sweden) in collaboration with the group of Prof. Lo Gorton; in this way, the computer processing part could be applied without having to worry also of the electrode optimization, since in that group they already had optimized biosensors that could be used for our purpose. This collaboration resulted in an interesting outcome (Article 3 – manuscript) where we have been able to build as a proof-ofconcept a novel bio-electronic tongue with variation of a specific enzyme (cellobiose dehydrogenase – CDH), a sensing element never used before in this manner. The last step of this work has been the integration of the synthesised nano-hybrid materials in the sensors for the electronic tongue used in our lab. The targets of the electronic tongue have been the sugars present in sugarcane bagasse used for the production of bio-fuels. The results collected and the goodness of prediction of the electronic tongue system have been satisfactory and they have been recently published (Article 2), showing a proof-of-concept of a working system for sugar mixtures resolution

A novel bio-electronic tongue using different cellobiose dehydrogenases to resolve mixtures of various sugars and interfering analytes.

A novel application of cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) as sensing element for a Bioelectronic Tongue (BioET) system has been tested. In this work CDHs from various fungi, which exhibit different substrate specificities, were used to discriminate between lactose and glucose in presence of the interfering matrix compound Ca(2+) in various mixtures. This work exploits the advantage of an electronic tongue system with practically zero pre-treatment of samples and operation at low voltages in a direct electron transfer mode. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) used in the BioET system to interpret the voltammetric data was able to provide a correct prediction of the concentrations of the analytes considered. Correlation coefficients in the comparison of obtained vs. expected concentrations were highly significant, especially for lactose (R(2)=0.975) and Ca(2+) (R(2)=0.945). This BioET application has a high potential especially for the food and dairy industry and also, if further miniaturised in screen printed format, for its in-situ use