Une exploration de l'architecture des réseaux de neurones pour la modélisation de la compositionnalité sémantique

This dissertation presents an evaluation of a neural network model called autoencoder in order to capture the meaning of adjective-noun couples in English. This model works on the representation of words meaning by a vector countaining the index of the words' context lemmas. These indexes are assigned to lemmas according to their frenquency in our Wikipedia-extracted corpus. Our model is evaluated on similarity task between two adjective-noun couples, and then on a task of recomposition of adjective-noun couples vector from their separated components context vectors. These two task results were eventually compared to the following already existing models : the vectors sum (additive model), the weighted additive with a stronger rating on the noun vector, the baseline model where only the nouns vector is taken, and the multiplicative model (multiplication of vectors).Ce mémoire présente une évaluation du modèle de réseau de neurones, appelé autoencodeur, qui permet de capturer le sens de couples adjectif-nom en anglais. Ce modèle fonctionne sur la base de la représentation du sens des mots par un vecteur contenant les indices des lemmes constituant le contexte des mots en question. Ces indices sont attribués aux lemmes en fonction de leur fréquence dans notre corpus issu de Wikipédia. Notre modèle est évalué sur un test de similarité entre deux couples adjectif-nom puis sur un test de recomposition des vecteurs de contexte du couple adjectif-nom à partir des vecteurs de contexte de ses composants pris séparément. Les résultats de ces deux tâches est ensuite comparé aux modèles déjà existants suivants : l'addition de vecteurs (modèle additif), le modèle additif pondéré avec un coefficient plus fort sur le vecteur du nom, le modèle basique où seul le vecteur contexte du nom est pris en compte, et la multiplication de vecteurs (modèle multiplicatif)

Pain Intervention for Infant Lumbar Puncture in the Emergency Department: Physician Practice and Beliefs

Objectives:  The objectives were to characterize physician beliefs and practice of analgesia and anesthesia use for infant lumbar puncture (LP) in the emergency department (ED) and to determine if provider training type, experience, and beliefs are associated with reported pain intervention use. Methods:  An anonymous survey was distributed to ED faculty and pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellows at five Midwestern hospitals. Questions consisted of categorical, yes/no, descriptive, and incremental responses. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with confidence intervals (CIs) and odds ratios (ORs). Results:  A total of 156 of 164 surveys (95%) distributed were completed and analyzed. Training background of respondents was 52% emergency medicine (EM), 30% PEM, and 18% pediatrics. Across training types, there was no difference in the belief that pain treatment was worthwhile (overall 78%) or in the likelihood of using at least one pain intervention. Pharmacologic pain interventions (sucrose, injectable lidocaine, and topical anesthetic) were used in the majority of LPs by 20, 29, and 27% of respondents, respectively. Nonpharmacologic pain intervention (pacifier/nonnutritive sucking) was used in the majority of LPs by 67% of respondents. Many respondents indicated that they never used sucrose (53%), lidocaine (41%), or anesthetic cream (49%). Physicians who thought pain treatment was worthwhile were more likely to use both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic pain interventions than those who did not (93% vs. 53%, OR = 10.98, 95% CI = 4.16 to 29.00). The number of LPs performed or supervised per year was not associated with pain intervention use. Other than pacifiers, injectable lidocaine was the most frequently reported pain intervention. Conclusions:  Provider beliefs regarding infant pain are associated with variation in anesthesia and analgesia use during infant LP in the ED. Although the majority of physicians hold the belief that pain intervention is worthwhile in this patient group, self‐reported pharmacologic interventions to reduce pain associated with infant LP are used regularly by less than one‐third. Strategies targeting physician beliefs on infant pain should be developed to improve pain intervention use in the ED for infant LPs.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/98758/1/j.1553-2712.2010.00970.x.pd

Variation in Ancillary Testing among Pediatric Asthma Patients Seen in Emergency Departments

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72605/1/j.aem.2007.01.016.pd