Localización neuroeléctrica de procesos cognitivos

Recording techniques of electrical cerebral activity with surface electrodes are shown and supported as a valid choice of a physiological study of the cognitive function of the human brain. Likewise, we describe the techniques of topographical representation of neuroelectrical potentials, as well as the current source density analysis and the localization of cerebral generators by evoked potentials. We conclude that it is possible to determine the localization of active cortical zones during perception, motor and cognitive processes, starting from a limited number of physiological hypotheses, in relation to the electrical behaviour of the cortical neurons and according to an electrical model of the head.Se presentan y defienden las técnicas de registro de la actividad eléctrica cerebral con electrodos de superficie como una alternativa válida para el estudio fisiológico de la función cognitiva del cerebro humano. Asimismo, se describen las técnicas de representación topográfica de potencial neuroeléctrico, así como las de análisis de densidad de corriente y de localización de generadores cerebrales de potenciales evocados. Se concluye que es posible determinar la localización de zonas corticales activas durante procesos de percepción, motores y cognitivos, partiendo de un número limitado de hipótesis fisiológicas, en relación al comportamiento eléctrico de las neuronas corticales y según un modelo eléctrico de la cabeza.DGICYT TM90-15

Localización neuroeléctrica de procesos cognitivos

Se presentan y defienden las técnicas de registro de la actividad eléc- trica cerebral con electrodos de superficie como una alternativa valida para el estudio fisiológico de la función cognitiva del cerebro humano. Asimis- mo, se describen las técnicas de representación topográfica de potencial neuroeléctrico, asicomo las de análisis de densidad de corriente y de loca- lización de generadores cerebrales de potenciales evocados. Se concluye que es posible determinar la localización de zonas corticales activas durante procesos de percepción, motores y cognitivos, partiendo de un número li- mitado de hipótesis fisiológicas, en relación al comportamiento eléctrico de las neuronas corticales y segun un modelo eléctrico de la cabeza. Palabras Clave: Potenciales evocados, mapas de voltaje, análisis de densidad de corriente, localización de generadores cerebrales

Localización neuroeléctrica de procesos cognitivos

Se presentan y defienden las técnicas de registro de la actividad eléc- trica cerebral con electrodos de superficie como una alternativa valida para el estudio fisiológico de la función cognitiva del cerebro humano. Asimis- mo, se describen las técnicas de representación topográfica de potencial neuroeléctrico, asicomo las de análisis de densidad de corriente y de loca- lización de generadores cerebrales de potenciales evocados. Se concluye que es posible determinar la localización de zonas corticales activas durante procesos de percepción, motores y cognitivos, partiendo de un número li- mitado de hipótesis fisiológicas, en relación al comportamiento eléctrico de las neuronas corticales y segun un modelo eléctrico de la cabeza. Palabras Clave: Potenciales evocados, mapas de voltaje, análisis de densidad de corriente, localización de generadores cerebrales

Epidemiology of Otitis Media with Spontaneous Perforation of the Tympanic Membrane in Young Children and Association with Bacterial Nasopharyngeal Carriage, Recurrences and Pneumococcal Vaccination in Catalonia, Spain - The Prospective HERMES Study

<div><p>The Epidemiology of otitis media with spontaneous perforation of the tympanic membrane and associated nasopharyngeal carriage of bacterial otopathogens was analysed in a county in Catalonia (Spain) with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) not included in the immunization programme at study time. A prospective, multicentre study was performed in 10 primary care centres and 2 hospitals (June 2011-June 2014), including all otherwise healthy children ≥2 months ≤8 years with otitis media presenting spontaneous tympanic perforation within 48h. Up to 521 otitis episodes in 487 children were included, showing by culture/PCR in middle ear fluid (MEF): <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> [24.2%], both <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> and <i>H</i>. <i>influenzae</i> [24.0%], <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> [15.9%], <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> [13.6%], and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> [6.7%]. Culture-negative/PCR-positive otitis accounted for 31.3% (<i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i>), 30.2% (<i>H</i>. <i>influenzae</i>) and 89.6% (mixed <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae/H</i>. <i>influenzae</i> infections). Overall, incidence decreased over the 3-year study period, with significant decreases in otitis by <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> and by <i>H</i>. <i>influenzae</i>, but no decreases for mixed <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae/H</i>. <i>influenzae</i> infections. Concordance between species in nasopharynx and MEF was found in 58.3% of cases, with maximal rates for <i>S</i>. <i>pyogenes</i> (71.8%), and with identical pneumococcal serotype in 40.5% of cases. Most patients (66.6%) had past episodes. PCV13 serotypes were significantly more frequent in first episodes, in otitis by <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> as single agent, and among MEF than nasopharyngeal isolates. All non-PCV13 serotypes separately accounted for <5% in MEF. Up to 73.9% children had received ≥1 dose of PCV, with lower carriage of PCV13 serotypes than among non-vaccinated children. Pooling pneumococcal isolates from MEF and nasopharynx, 30% were multidrug resistant, primarily belonging to serotypes 19A [29.8%], 24A [14.3%], 19F [8.3%] and 15A [6.0%]. Our results suggest that increasing PCV13 vaccination would further reduce transmission of PCV13 serotypes with special benefits for youngest children (with none or uncompleted vaccine schedules), preventing first otitis episodes and subsequent recurrences.</p></div

Data on previous pneumococcal vaccination of children included in the study distributed by isolates from middle ear fluid.

<p>Data on previous pneumococcal vaccination of children included in the study distributed by isolates from middle ear fluid.</p

Previous history of otitis and clinical data of children included in the study distributed by isolates from middle ear fluid.

<p>Previous history of otitis and clinical data of children included in the study distributed by isolates from middle ear fluid.</p

Incidence rates (no. cases/100,000 inhabitants aged ≥2 months–<8 years old in the Vallés Occidental, Catalonia, Spain, and incidence rate ratios (IRR) of OM caused by the indicated microorganisms.

<p>Incidence rates (no. cases/100,000 inhabitants aged ≥2 months–<8 years old in the Vallés Occidental, Catalonia, Spain, and incidence rate ratios (IRR) of OM caused by the indicated microorganisms.</p

Serotypes identified in middle ear fluid and in nasopharynx among typed pneumococci (PCV7 serotypes: black columns; 6 newly added serotypes in PCV13: white columns; non-PCV13 serotypes: striped columns).

<p>Serotypes identified in middle ear fluid and in nasopharynx among typed pneumococci (PCV7 serotypes: black columns; 6 newly added serotypes in PCV13: white columns; non-PCV13 serotypes: striped columns).</p

Isolation rates of otopathogens in middle ear fluid (MEF) and nasopharyngeal cultures.

<p>Isolation rates of otopathogens in middle ear fluid (MEF) and nasopharyngeal cultures.</p