Propagation of diffraction-free and accelerating laser beams in turbid media

We experimentally investigate propagation of laser beams with Gaussian, Bessel and Airy transverse profiles in turbid media. We evaluate and compare the self-healing properties of these beams

Surgical and minimally invasive treatment of ischaemic and non-ischaemic priapism : A systematic review by the EAU Sexual and Reproductive Health Guidelines panel

Peer reviewedPostprin

The 980-nm diode laser as a new stimulant for laser evoked potentials studies

Background and Objective: Lasers have been used as stimulators for creating pain response without stimulating mechanoreceptive fibers. Various laser systems are still under investigation on the quest for best laser system. Our objective was to test the feasibility of the 980-nm diode laser for LEP (laser evoked potentials) studies

Temperature-dependent optical properties of individual vascular wall components measured by optical coherence tomography

Optical properties of tissues and tissue components are important parameters in biomedical optics. We report measurements of tissue refractive index n and the attenuation coefficient mu(t) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) of individual vascular wall layers and plaque components. Moreover, since the temperature dependence of optical properties is widely known, we compare measurements at room and body temperatures. A decrease of n and mu(t) is observed in all samples, with the most profound effect on samples with high lipid content. The sample temperature is of influence on the quantitative measurements within OCT images. For extrapolation of ex-vivo experimental results, especially for structures with high lipid content, this effect should be taken into accoun

European Association of Urology Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health—2021 Update: Male Sexual Dysfunction[Formula presented]

Context: The present summary of the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines is based on the latest guidelines on male sexual health published in March 2021, with a last comprehensive update in January 2021. Objective: To present a summary of the 2021 version of the EAU guidelines on sexual and reproductive health. Evidence acquisition: A literature review was performed up to January 2021. The guidelines were updated, and a strength rating for each recommendation was included based on either a systematic review of the evidence or a consensus opinion from the expert panel. Evidence synthesis: Late-onset hypogonadism is a clinical condition in the ageing male combining low levels of circulating testosterone and specific symptoms associated with impaired hormone production and/or action. A comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic work-up, along with screening recommendations and contraindications, is provided. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the persistent inability to attain and maintain an erection sufficient to permit satisfactory sexual performance. Along with a detailed basic and advanced diagnostic approach, a novel decision-making algorithm for treating ED in order to better tailor therapy to individual patients is provided. The EAU guidelines have adopted the definition of premature ejaculation (PE), which has been developed by the International Society for Sexual Medicine. After the subtype of PE has been defined, patient's expectations should be discussed thoroughly and pharmacotherapy must be considered as the first-line treatment for patients with lifelong PE, whereas treating the underlying cause must be the initial goal for patients with acquired PE. Haemospermia is defined as the appearance of blood in the ejaculate. Several reasons of haemospermia have been acknowledged; the primary goal over the management work-up is to exclude malignant conditions and treat any other underlying cause. Conclusions: The 2021 guidelines on sexual and reproductive health summarise the most recent findings, and advise in terms of diagnosis and treatment of male hypogonadism and sexual dysfunction for their use in clinical practice. These guidelines reflect the multidisciplinary nature of their management. Patient summary: Updated European Association of Urology guidelines on sexual and reproductive health are presented, addressing the diagnosis and treatment of the most prevalent conditions in men. Patients must be fully informed of all relevant diagnostic and therapeutic options and, together with their treating physicians, decide on optimal personalised management strategies

European Association of Urology Guidelines on Male Sexual and Reproductive Health: 2021 Update on Male Infertility

Context: The European Association of Urology (EAU) has updated its guidelines on sexual and reproductive health for 2021. Objective: To present a summary of the 2021 version of the EAU guidelines on sexual and reproductive health, including advances and areas of controversy in male infertility. Evidence acquisition: The panel performed a comprehensive literature review of novel data up to January 2021. The guidelines were updated and a strength rating for each recommendation was included that was based either on a systematic review of the literature or consensus opinion from the expert panel, where applicable. Evidence synthesis: The male partner in infertile couples should undergo a comprehensive urological assessment to identify and treat any modifiable risk factors causing fertility impairment. Infertile men are at a higher risk of harbouring and developing other diseases including malignancy and cardiovascular disease and should be screened for potential modifiable risk factors, such as hypogonadism. Sperm DNA fragmentation testing has emerged as a novel biomarker that can identify infertile men and provide information on the outcomes from assisted reproductive techniques. The role of hormone stimulation therapy in hypergonadotropic hypogonadal or eugonadal patients is controversial and is not recommended outside of clinical trials. Furthermore, there is insufficient evidence to support the widespread use of other empirical treatments and surgical interventions in clinical practice (such as antioxidants and surgical sperm retrieval in men without azoospermia). There is low-quality evidence to support the routine use of testicular fine-needle mapping as an alternative diagnostic and predictive tool before testicular sperm extraction (TESE) in men with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA), and either conventional or microdissection TESE remains the surgical modality of choice for men with NOA. Conclusions: All infertile men should undergo a comprehensive urological assessment to identify and treat any modifiable risk factors. Increasing data indicate that infertile men are at higher risk of cardiovascular mortality and of developing cancers and should be screened and counselled accordingly. There is low-quality evidence supporting the use of empirical treatments and interventions currently used in clinical practice; the efficacy of these therapies needs to be validated in large-scale randomised controlled trials. Patient summary: Approximately 50% of infertility will be due to problems with the male partner. Therefore, all infertile men should be assessed by a specialist with the expertise to not only help optimise their fertility but also because they are at higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease and cancer long term and therefore require appropriate counselling and management. There are many treatments and interventions for male infertility that have not been validated in high-quality studies and caution should be applied to their use in routine clinical practice