Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Eating Habits and Food Purchasing Behaviors of University Students

COVID-19 disease, which spread rapidly all over the world after the first case was detected, became the primary agenda of the countries. Radical measures have been taken by governments to prevent the spread of the disease. Precautions and warnings to prevent disease caused some changes on daily life activities of people. University students who have to stop education are among the groups most affected by this disease sociologically, psychologically and physiologically. The aim of this study was planned and conducted to determine the effect of COVID-19 on university students' eating habits and food purchasing behavior. The study was completed with 866 university students education and training at the faculty of health sciences. Research data was obtained by online questionnaire. This questionnaire has been prepared with the information obtained as a result of the literature review and the opinions of experts by researchers. The questionnaire includes questions about eating habits and food purchasing behaviors. A result of the study, COVID-19 disease caused significant changes in the eating habits and food purchasing behaviors of university students. In general, it was found that the participants increased their consumption compared to before COVID-19, they paid more attention to hygiene while food purchasing

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin serum level: A potential noninvasive biomarker of endometriosis?

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL, also known as lipocalin-2) is an acute-phase protein expressed in many tissues and plays a role in cell proliferation, regulation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate serum NGAL levels and endometrioma tissue expression in women with endometriosis. This cross-sectional study was conducted at a university hospital. The endometrioma group included 36 women who underwent ovarian cystectomy for endometrioma, which was compared with a control group (n = 36) of women who underwent ovarian cystectomy due to benign persistent cysts (follicle cyst, theca lutein cyst, and serous cystadenoma). NGAL levels were analyzed using both serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis and immunohistochemical tissue staining. Serum C-reactive protein and CA-125 levels were also evaluated. NGAL serum levels were significantly higher in the endometrioma group than in the control group (P < .05). C-reactive protein and CA-125 levels were also significantly higher in the endometrioma group (P < .05) and were correlated with NGAL levels. Immunohistochemical staining for NGAL was also higher in the endometrioma group (P < .001). NGAL may be considered a potential noninvasive biomarker of endometriosis

Injury to the lacrimal apparatus after endoscopic sinus surgery: Surgical implications from active transport dacryocystography

In order to evaluate the lacrimal drainage system injury after functional endoscopic sinus surgery, surgical records and postoperative active transport dacryocystography imaging of 31 patients were analyzed. Presence of the lacrimal bone dehiscence and no passage of the contrast material into the inferior meatus were noted as the signs of injury to the lacrimal canal on active transport dacryocystography. Bony dehiscence was detected in 53.2% of the operated sides but 20% of the nonoperated sides. No passage of the contrast material into the inferior meatus was observed in 14.9% of the operated sides. There were no cases of epiphora postoperatively. The lacrimal drainage system injury was more frequently observed on the left sides operated. We conclude that lacrimal drainage system injury might occur in various extents during functional endoscopic sinus surgery. However, it does not necessarily result in postoperative epiphora. Performing the middle meatal antrostomy in posteroinferior direction, and uncinectomy with backbiting forceps or a shaver might help in reducing the lacrimal injury. Active transport dacryocystography can be adopted as an alternative diagnostic tool in detection of the lacrimal injury. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;124:308-12.) Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) has gained popularity among otorhinolaryngologists since its first introduction in mid-70s. The primary reason is probably that it enables direct visualization of intranasal anatomic structures and pathologies. Although the procedure seems to be easy to perform, it is indeed a delicate operation, and surgical injury to the neighboring structures does still occur. Various important complications such as cerebrospinal fluid leak and blindness have been reported following FESS. 1 Nevertheless, lacrimal injury is frequently overlooked. Lacrimal drainage system (LDS) is one of the most vulnerable structures to the surgical trauma in the course of FESS due to its intimate anatomic localization. Epiphora after LDS injury has been reported to range from 0.3 to 1.7%. 2-4 However, LDS injury does not necessarily result in epiphora. Asymptomatic cases, which had the intraoperative occult damage, have also been reported in 15% of the patients undergoing endoscopic ethmoidectomies. 3 Therefore, assessing the anatomic integrity and function of the LDS is important. Several methods have been used for evaluation of the LDS. METHODS AND MATERIALS In order to examine the degree and type of possible injury to the LDS, 31 patients who underwent FESS at the otorhinolaryngology department of Celal Bayar University School of Medicine in Manisa, Turkey, were postoperatively evaluated with ATD. Clinical records regarding the age and gender of the patients, diagnosis, type of operation, and surgical findings as well as the period between the operation and ATD evaluation were retrospectively analyzed. Patients who had preoperative epiphora or previous dacryocystorhinostomy operation were excluded from the study. The parameters studied on ATD examination for the evaluation of the LDS injury were the integrity of the bony lacrimal canal and its patency, which was indicated by observation of the nonionic contrast material in the inferior meatus. Operative and ATD findings were analyzed separately on the left and right sides in each patient. In unilateral cases, ATD findings on the nonoperated side were also recorded as a control group. The side differences in all surgical interventions and differences in findings between the operated and the nonoperated sides in unilateral cases were statistically analyzed. A t test was used in statistical analysis for the comparison of the percentages. All patients were operated on using the technique of FESS described by Stammberger 1 and Kennedy et a

Cervical mucus test for pregnancy diagnosis in Akkaraman ewes and Angora goats

Bu çalışmanın amacı, koyun ve keçilerde gebelik tanı yöntemi olarak kullanılan servikal mukus kaynatma testinin saha koşullarında uygulanabilirliği ve doğruluk oranının araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmada 50 baş Akkaraman ırkı koyun ve 50 baş Ankara keçisi materyal olarak kullanıldı. Servikal mukus testi ile koyunlarda % 80 doğruluk oranı, %73.3 sensitivite, % 82.9 spesivite, % 64.7 pozitif tanımlama oranı ve % 87.9 negatif tanımlama oranı elde edildi. Keçilerde ise bu oranlar sırasıyla % 70, % 60, % 72.5, % 35.3 ve % 87.9 olarak bulundu. Ayrıca korpus luteum büyüklüğü ve progesteron değerleri arasındaki korelasyon araştırıldı. Gebe ve gebe olmayan tüm hayvanlar içinde sadece gebe olmayan koyunlarda korelasyonun önemli olduğu (r=0.58; p<0.05) tespit edildi. Bunlara ilaveten yapılan vaginal sitoloji değerlendirmesinde gebe ve gebe olmayan hayvanlar arasında hücre kompozisyonu bakımından ayırıcı bir farklılığın olmadığı saptandı. Sonuç olarak, koyun ve keçilerde yapılan bu çalışmada servikal mukus kaynatma testiyle koyunlarda gebeliğin tanısında keçilere göre daha yüksek oranlar elde edilebileceği ve bu yöntemin saha koşullarında uygulanabileceği kanısına varıldı.The aim of this study was to investigate practicability of cervical mucus test, which is used for diagnosis of pregnancy, in field conditions and accuracy rate in ewes and goats. This study was performed in 50 Akkaraman ewes and 50 Angora goats. In ewes, % 80 accuracy rate, % 73.3 sensitivity, % 82.9 specificity, % 64.7 predictive value of positive and % 87.9 predictive value of negative were found with cervical mucus test and these rates were % 70, % 60, % 72.5, % 35.3 and % 87.9 respectively in goats. In addition, correlation was investigated between the size of corpus luteum and progesterone levels. Correlation was found important only in non-pregnant ewes of all pregnant and non-pregnant animals (r=0.58; p&lt;0.05). Besides, an important difference was not determined between composition of cells in vaginal cytologic evaluation in pregnant and non-pregnant animals. As a result, cervical mucus test can be used in field conditions and the accuracy rates in ewes are higher than goats

A Rare Mimicker of an Adrenal Carcinoma: Co-occurrence of Hemorrhagic Pseudocyst and Myelolipoma

Adrenal collision tumors are rare tumors composed of two different benign or malignant tumors in the adrenal gland. Radiological features are very helpful in the diagnosis, however it is not always possible to make a definite diagnosis with imaging findings alone because the coexisting masses contain different tissue components. In this paper, we report the imaging findings of an adrenal lesion with pseudocyst and myelolipoma mimicking an adrenocortical carcinoma in a 42-year-old female patient. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an adrenal lesion containing myelolipoma and hemorrhagic pseudocyst mimicking an adrenal carcinoma in the literature

Prenatal diagnosis of Neu-Laxova syndrome: a case report

BACKGROUND: Neu-Laxova syndrome is a rare congenital abnormality involving multiple systems. We report a case of Neu-Laxova syndrome (NLS) diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound examination. CASE PRESENTATION: A 29-year-old gravida 3, para 2 woman was first seen in our antenatal clinic at 38 weeks' pregnancy. Except for the consanguinity and two previous abnormal stillborn babies her medical history was unremarkable. On ultrasound examination microcephaly, flat forehead, micrognathia, intrauterine growth restriction, generalized edema of the skin, hypoplastic chest, excessive soft tissue deposition of hands and feet, joint contractures and a penis without scrotal sacs were detected. She delivered a 2000 g male fetus. He died five minutes after delivery. Postmortem examination confirmed the diagnosis of Neu-Laxova syndrome. CONCLUSION: Because of the autosomal recessive inheritance of Neu-Laxova syndrome genetic counseling and early-serial ultrasound examination should be performed at risk families. Early diagnosis of the disease may offer termination of the pregnancy as an option

Age- and region-specific hepatitis B prevalence in Turkey estimated using generalized linear mixed models: a systematic review

Toy M, Önder FO, Wörmann T, et al. Age- and region-specific hepatitis B prevalence in Turkey estimated using generalized linear mixed models: a systematic review. BMC infectious diseases. 2011;11(1): 337.BACKGROUND: To provide a clear picture of the current hepatitis B situation, the authors performed a systematic review to estimate the age- and region-specific prevalence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in Turkey. METHODS: A total of 339 studies with original data on the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in Turkey and published between 1999 and 2009 were identified through a search of electronic databases, by reviewing citations, and by writing to authors. After a critical assessment, the authors included 129 studies, divided into categories: 'age-specific'; 'region-specific'; and 'specific population group'. To account for the differences among the studies, a generalized linear mixed model was used to estimate the overall prevalence across all age groups and regions. For specific population groups, the authors calculated the weighted mean prevalence. RESULTS: The estimated overall population prevalence was 4.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.58, 5.76, and the estimated total number of CHB cases was about 3.3 million. The outcomes of the age-specific groups varied from 2.84, (95% CI: 2.60, 3.10) for the 0-14-year olds to 6.36 (95% CI: 5.83, 6.90) in the 25-34-year-old group. CONCLUSION: There are large age-group and regional differences in CHB prevalence in Turkey, where CHB remains a serious health problem

Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğunda Regresyon ile İlişkili Klinik ve Otoimmün Değişkenler

In this cross-sectional case-control study it is aimed to investigatethe differences between ASD(Autism Spectrum Disorders) cases with regression and without regression in terms of autoimmune markers and clinical manifestations and assess the regression specific features. The study group is consisted of 24 patients with autistic regression aged between 2-6 years. The control group is consisted of 26nonregressive ASD patients with similar ages. All participants were assessed according to DSM 5 criteria, CARS (Childhood Autism Rating Scale) and ADST (Ankara Developmental Screening Test) were administered. All parents were asked to complete Aberrant Behavior Checklist (AuBC) and Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) for their children. Also autoimmune encephalitis panel including neuronal surface autoantibodies (Anti-NMDA, Anti-CASPR2, Anti-LG1, Anti-Glutamat type AMPA 1-2, Anti GABA B, Anti-DPPX) and Anti-GAD antibody were assayed in serum samples. Results of the study indicated that there was no significant difference in CARS, ADST, AuBC, ABC scores between study and control groups. It was observed that early developmental milestones (i.e language skills, potty training, walking) were attained earlier in regressive group. There was no seropositivity of neuronal surface autoantibodies in any participant. However Anti-GAD antibodies were detected in the serum of 5 (20.8%) patients of children with autistic regression and of none of the controls. A significant direct relationship was found between the levels of language skills before the regression and regained after the regression. Gradual onset pattern of regression was shown to be associated with disruption in most of the behavioral domains especially social and self-help skills. According to our results, it is suggested that autoimmunity might have a specific contribution to the etiology of ASD. Also some novel findings related to the phenomenology of regression have been provided.İÇİNDEKİLER TEŞEKKÜR iv ÖZET v ABSTRACT vi SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR x TABLOLAR xi 1 GİRİŞ .1 2 GENEL BİLGİLER 3 2.1 OSB Tanımının Gelişimi 3 2.2 Etyolojiye İlişkin Güncel Varsayımlar 3 2.3 OSB’de Regresyon .6 2.4 Regresyonda Etyolojik Etmenler 6 2.4.1 Nöroinflamasyon ve Otoimmünite 7 2.5 Otoimmün Ensefalit ve OSB 11 2.6 MSS’de Hastalığa Neden Olan Otoantikorlar 12 2.6.1 Hücre İçi Antijenlere Karşı Gelişen Otoantikorlar 13 2.6.2 Hücre Yüzeyindeki Antijenlere Karşı Gelişen Otoantikorlar 14 3 AMAÇ 18 4 VARSAYIMLAR 18 5 YÖNTEM ve ARAÇLAR 19 5.1 Araştırmanın Deseni 19 5.2 Araştırmanın Yeri ve Zamanı 19 5.3 Araştırmanın Örneklemi 19 5.4 Örneklemin Seçimi 19 5.5 Değerlendirmede Kullanılan Araçlar 21 5.5.1 Sosyodemografik ve Klinik Bilgi Formu 21 5.5.2 Çocukluk Otizmini Değerlendirme Ölçeği (Childhood Autisim Rating Scale, CARS) 21 5.5.3 Otizm Davranış Kontrol Listesi (Autism Behavior Checklist, AuBC) 22 5.5.4 Sorun Davranış Kontrol Listesi (The Aberrant Behavior Checklist, ABC) 23 5.5.5 Ankara Gelişim Tarama Envanteri (AGTE) 23 5.6 Uygulama 23 6.1.1 İndirekt İmmün Floresan Yöntemi ile Antikorların Saptanması 25 5.7 Verilerin İstatistiksel Analizi 25 6 BULGULAR 26 6.1 Çalışma Gruplarındaki Çocukların Demografik ve Klinik Özelliklerine İlişkin Veriler.. 26 6.1.1 Regresyon ve Kontrol Gruplarındaki Yaş Ortalamaları ve Cinsiyet Dağılımları 26 6.1.2 Regresyon ve Kontrol Gruplarında OSB’ye Eşlik Eden Tıbbi Durumlar 26 6.1.3 Regresyon ve Kontrol Gruplarında Aile Yapısı 27 6.1.4 Regresyon ve Kontrol Gruplarında Anne ve Babaların Çocuklarının Doğumundaki Yaş Ortalamaları 27 6.1.5 Regresyon ve Kontrol Gruplarında Anne ve Babaların Eğitim Düzeyleri 28 6.1.6 Regresyon ve Kontrol Gruplarında Anne ve Babalarının Çalışma Durumu 28 6.1.7 Regresyon ve Kontrol Gruplarının Birinci ve İkinci Derece Akrabalarında Tıbbi Hastalık Öyküsü 29 6.1.8 Regresyon ve Kontrol Gruplarında Ebeveynler Arasındaki Akrabalık Durumu 29 6.2 Regresyon ve Kontrol Gruplarında Erken Dönem Gelişim Özellikleri, ÇODÖ, SDKL, ODKL ve AGTE Puanlarının Karşılaştırılması 29 6.2.1 Regresyon ve Kontrol Gruplarında Erken Gelişim Özellikleri 30 6.2.2 Regresyon ve Kontrol Gruplarında ÇODÖ Puanları 31 6.2.3 Regresyon ve Kontrol Gruplarında ODKL Puanları 31 6.2.4 Regresyon ve Kontrol Gruplarında SDKL Puanları 31 6.2.5 Regresyon ve Kontrol Gruplarında AGTE Puanları 32 6.3 Regresyon ve Kontrol Gruplarında Otoantikor Pozitifliklerinin Karşılaştırılması 32 6.3.1 Anti-NMDA, Anti-AMPA 1-2, Anti-CASPR2, Anti-LGI1, Anti-GABAB, Anti-DPPX Antikorları 32 6.3.2 Anti-GAD Antikoru 33 6.4 Regresyon Grubuna Özgü Klinik Özellikler 33 6.4.1 Regresyon Grubunda Hastalık Belirtilerinin Başlangıç Yaşı, Regresyonun İlerleme Süresi,Regresyonun Başlangıcından Kan Alımına Kadar Geçen Süre, Regresyon Öncesi Dönem ve Değerlendirme Sırasındaki Kelime Sayıları 33 6.4.2 Regresyon Grubunda Hastalığın Başlangıç ve Seyrine İlişkin Diğer Klinik Özellikler 34 6.4.3 Regresyon Grubunda Anti-GAD Antikoru Pozitif ve Negatif Olguların Klinik Değişkenler Açısından Karşılaştırılması 36 6.4.4 Regresyon Grubunda ODKL ve SDKL Puanarı Arasındaki İlişki 37 6.4.5 Regresyon Grubunda ÇODÖ ile ODKL ve SDKL Puanları Arasındaki İlişki 39 6.4.6 Regresyon Grubunda Belirtilerin Başlangıç Yaşı ile Yaş, Regresyonun İlerleme Süresi ve Hastalık Şiddetini Değerlendiren Ölçeklerin Puanları Arasındaki İlişki 39 6.4.7 Regresyon Grubunda Regresyonun Başlangıç Şekli ile Ölçek Puanları, Regresyon Öncesi ve Sonrası Dönemlerdeki Kelime Sayıları Arasındaki İlişki 39 6.4.8 Regresyon Grubunda Sosyal Becerilerdeki Kaybın Başlangıç Şekli İle Kafa Travması Öyküsü Arasındaki İlişki 41 6.4.9 Regresyon Grubunda Erken Dönem Dil Gelişim Özellikleri, Regresyon Öncesi ve Çalışma Dönemindeki Kelime Sayıları (Regresyon Sonrası Tekrar Kazanılan) Arasındaki İlişki 42 7 TARTIŞMA 44 8 SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER 60 KAYNAKLAR 63Bu kesitsel çalışmada regresyon öyküsü olan ve klasik seyir gösteren Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu (OSB)olgularının, otoimmün belirteçler ve klinik özellikler açısından farkları değerlendirilerek; regresyona özgü klinik değişkenler incelenmiştir. Araştırma grubu regresif seyir gösteren, 2-6 yaş arasında 24OSB olgusundan; kontrol grubu ise aynı yaş aralığında, klasik seyir gösteren 26 OSB hastasından oluşmaktadır. Tüm katılımcılar DSM 5 ölçütlerine göre değerlendirilmiş, Çocukluk Otizm Derecelendirme Ölçeği (ÇODÖ) ve AGTE (Ankara Gelişim Tarama Envanteri) uygulanmıştır. Ebeveynlerden Sorun Davranış Kontrol Listesi (SDKL) ve Otizm Davranış Kontrol Listesi (ODKL) doldurmaları istenmiştir. Ayrıca hasta serumlarında, hücre yüzey antijenlerine karşı gelişen otoantikorlar (Anti-NMDA, Anti-CASPR2, Anti-LG1, Anti-Glutamat Tip AMPA 1-2,Anti GABA B, Anti-DPPX) ve Anti-GAD antikorundan oluşan otoimmün ensefalit paneli incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda gruplar arasında sosyodemografik değişkenler, ÇODÖ, AGTE, ODKL ve SDKL puanları arasında fark bulunmamıştır. Erken dönem gelişim basamaklarının (dil gelişimi, tuvalet eğitimi, yürüme) regresyon grubunda daha erken kazanıldığı saptanmıştır. Hücre yüzey antijenlerine karşı gelişen otoantikorların çalışmaya alınan olguların hepsinde negatif olduğu gözlenmiştir. Fakat regresyon grubunda 5 (20,8%) hastada Anti-GAD antikoru pozitif saptanmıştır. Kontrol grubundaki hastaların tümünde ise bu antikor negatif bulunmuştur. Regresyon öncesi dönem ve regresyon sonrası tekrar kazanılan dil becerisi düzeyleri arasında doğru orantılı bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Regresyonda subakut/kronik başlangıcın, sosyal-öz bakım becerilerinde aksama ön planda olmak üzere çoğu sorun davranış örüntüsü ile ilişkili olduğu gözlenmiştir. Çalışmamızda elde ettiğimiz bulgular, OSB’nin etyolojisinde otoimmünitenin özgül bir katkısının olabileceğini düşündürmekle birlikte, regresyonun klinik seyrine ilişkin yeni veriler sunmuştur

Ru/SBA-15 ve Kobalt-Oksit Sentezi için Kül Fırın Alımı

Bu projenin iki temel amacı vardır; ilki amonyak sentez reaksiyonlarında denenmek üzere Ru/SBA-15 katalizörleri sentezlemek, diğeri ise metal oksitlerin gaz fazında oksijen ve buhar fazında suya maruz kaldıkları durumlarda adsorpsiyon-desorpsiyon karakteristikleri çıkarılması için metal-oksit malzeme sentezlemektir. SBA-15 ve metal-oksit sentezindeki temel süreçlerden bir tanesi kalsinasyon basamağıdır. Bu süreç için yüksek sıcaklıkta çalışan bir kül fırına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır