16 research outputs found

    An Evaluation of 10 Percent and 20 Percent Benzocaine Gels in Patients With Acute Toothaches: Efficacy, Tolerability and Compliance With Label Dose Administration Directions

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    Background The authors evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of 10 percent and 20 percent benzocaine gels compared with those of a vehicle (placebo) gel for the temporary relief of toothache pain. They also assessed the compliance with the label dose administration directions on the part of participants with toothache pain. Methods Under double-masked conditions, 576 participants self-applied study gel to an open tooth cavity and surrounding oral tissues. Participants evaluated their pain intensity and pain relief for 120 minutes. The authors determined the amount of gel the participants applied. Results The responders’ rates (the primary efficacy parameter), defined as the percentage of participants who had an improvement in pain intensity as exhibited by a pain score reduction of at least one unit on the dental pain scale from baseline for two consecutive assessments any time between the five- and 20-minute points, were 87.3 percent, 80.7 percent and 70.4 percent, respectively, for 20 percent benzocaine gel, 10 percent benzocaine gel and vehicle gel. Both benzocaine gels were significantly (P ≀ .05) better than vehicle gel; the 20 percent benzocaine gel also was significantly (P ≀ .05) better than the 10 percent benzocaine gel. The mean amount of gel applied was 235.6 milligrams, with 88.2 percent of participants applying 400 mg or less. Conclusions Both 10 percent and 20 percent benzocaine gels were more efficacious than the vehicle gel, and the 20 percent benzocaine gel was more efficacious than the 10 percent benzocaine gel. All treatments were well tolerated by participants. Practical Implications Patients can use 10 percent and 20 percent benzocaine gels to temporarily treat toothache pain safely

    A global perspective on the trophic geography of sharks

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    Sharks are a diverse group of mobile predators that forage across varied spatial scales and have the potential to influence food web dynamics. The ecological consequences of recent declines in shark biomass may extend across broader geographic ranges if shark taxa display common behavioural traits. By tracking the original site of photosynthetic fixation of carbon atoms that were ultimately assimilated into muscle tissues of 5,394 sharks from 114 species, we identify globally consistent biogeographic traits in trophic interactions between sharks found in different habitats. We show that populations of shelf-dwelling sharks derive a substantial proportion of their carbon from regional pelagic sources, but contain individuals that forage within additional isotopically diverse local food webs, such as those supported by terrestrial plant sources, benthic production and macrophytes. In contrast, oceanic sharks seem to use carbon derived from between 30° and 50° of latitude. Global-scale compilations of stable isotope data combined with biogeochemical modelling generate hypotheses regarding animal behaviours that can be tested with other methodological approaches.This research was conducted as part of C.S.B.’s Ph.D dissertation, which was funded by the University of Southampton and NERC (NE/L50161X/1), and through a NERC Grant-in-Kind from the Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry Facility (LSMSF; EK267-03/16). We thank A. Bates, D. Sims, F. Neat, R. McGill and J. Newton for their analytical contributions and comments on the manuscripts.Peer reviewe

    Il contributo bioetico delle confessioni cristiane nellÂŽepoca del narcisismo

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    In un periodo storico caratterizzato da un profondo narcisismo, il contributo delle confessioni cristiane in ambito bioetico puĂČ essere di aiuto al legislatore. Il modello di complementarietĂ  / distinzione che ogni confessione cristiana offre con i propri principi, puĂČ contribuire all’articolazione del dibattito bioetico attraverso quei paradigmi che facilitano la sostanziale concretizzazione del valore fondamentale della dignitĂ  di ogni essere umano - See more at: http://www.derecom.com/secciones/opiniones/item/98-il-contributo-bioetico-delle-confessioni-cristiane-nell-epoca-del-narcisismo#sthash.Ri0Zzn6l.dpu

    A pilot test of motivational oral health promotion with alcohol-dependent inpatients.

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    Results of Limited Initial Periodontal Therapy in Smokers and Non‐Smokers

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    Eighty‐seven adult patients (54 non‐smokers and 33 smokers) with moderate to advanced periodontitis were treated with 1‐hour full‐mouth subgingival scaling and root planing, with no maintenance recalls, during this 9‐month study. Clinical parameters assessed at target sites included probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, gingival index, and plaque index. Data were collected at baseline, and 3, 6, and 9 months. Baseline probing depth for non‐smokers was 5.46 ±.46 mm and for smokers 5.70 ± 0.66 mm. Data analysis (t test) revealed that both non‐smokers and smokers had a statistically significant decrease (P \u3c 0.05) in probing depth at 3 months which was maintained throughout the study. At 9 months non‐smokers maintained a mean decrease in probing depth of 0.60 mm and smokers a mean decrease of 0.65 mm. Both smokers and non‐smokers displayed a significant gain (P \u3c 0.05) in clinical attachment level after initial therapy when compared to baseline readings. At 9 months the mean gain in clinical attachment level for non‐smokers was 0.47 mm and 0.59 mm for smokers. Plaque index scores remained consistent for smokers and non‐smokers for the duration of the study. The gingival index at baseline was significantly (P \u3c 0.05) lower in smokers (1.32 ± 0.45) than non‐smokers (1.45 ± 0.40). By 9 months only the gingival index of non‐smokers decreased significantly compared to baseline (1.26 ± 0.37). Bleeding on probing was a prerequisite for target sites at baseline. At 9 months both smokers (0.67 ± 0.39) and non‐smokers (0.78 ± 0.30) had a significant decrease in bleeding on probing compared to baseline. At 9 months there were no significant differences between smokers and non‐smokers comparing probing depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index, bleeding on probing, and gingival index. The data have shown that smokers and non‐smokers responded similarly after 9 months to the limited amount of initial therapy provided

    The availability and characteristics of patient-focused YouTube videos related to oral hygiene instruction

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    Introduction: YouTube is a popular social media platform that is being increasingly used for the distribution of healthcare-related information. To date, there appear to be no published studies assessing the quality of oral hygiene instruction provided by YouTube videos. Objective: To assess the availability, quality and accuracy of patient-focused YouTube videos aiming to provide oral hygiene instruction. Method: YouTube videos meeting the inclusion criteria were evaluated for quality and information accuracy using an eight-item, evidence-based checklist relating to important aspects in the prevention of caries and periodontal disease. Results: Fifty-two relevant videos were included; 20 videos (38.5%) were produced by lay people (social media influencers and bloggers) who had no professional qualifications. None of the included videos contained accurate information relating to all eight items of the evidence-based checklist. Seven videos contained none of the information from the checklist. Numerous videos contained health advice which was not scientifically sound. Conclusion: The results of this study highlight that currently available YouTube videos may not contain evidence-based information relating to oral hygiene instruction. There are also concerns regarding the lack of regulation and quality assurance processes in the development of healthcare-related YouTube videos. Currently, clinicians should be cautious when advising patients to utilise YouTube as a source of information regarding oral health

    Adjunctive Use of a Subgingival Controlled‐Release Chlorhexidine Chip Reduces Probing Depth and Improves Attachment Level Compared With Scaling and Root Planing Alone

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    The present studies evaluated the efficacy of a controlled‐release biodegradable Chlorhexidine (CHX) (2.5 mg) chip when used as an adjunct to scaling and root planing on reducing probing depth (PD) and improving clinical attachment level (CAL) in adult periodontitis. Two double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled multicenter clinical trials (5 centers each) were conducted; pooled data are reported from all 10 centers (447 patients). At baseline, following 1 hour of scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients free of supragingival calculus, the chip was placed in target sites with PD 5 to 8 mm which bled on probing. Chip placement was repeated at 3 and/or 6 months if PD remained ≄ 5 mm. Study sites in active chip subjects received either CHX chip plus SRP or SRP alone (to maintain study blind). Sites in placebo chip subjects received either placebo chip plus SRP or SRP alone. Examinations were performed at baseline; 7 days; 6 weeks; and 3, 6, and 9 months. At 9 months significant reductions from baseline favoring the Chlorhexidine chip compared with both control treatments were observed with respect to PD (Chlorhexidine chip plus SRP, 0.95 ± 0.05 mm; SRP alone, 0.65 ± 0.05 mm, P \u3c 0.001; placebo chip plus SRP, 0.69 ± 0.05 mm, P \u3c 0.001) and CAL (Chlorhexidine chip plus SRP, 0.75 ± 0.06 mm; SRP alone, 0.58 ± 0.06 mm, P \u3c 0.05; placebo chip plus SRP, 0.55 ± 0.06 mm, P \u3c 0.05). The proportion of patients who evidenced a PD reduction from baseline of 2 mm or more at 9 months was significantly greater in the Chlorhexidine chip group (19%) compared with SRP controls (8%) (P \u3c 0.05). Adverse effects were minor and transient toothache, including pain, tenderness, aching, throbbing, soreness, discomfort, or sensitivity was the only adverse effect that was higher in the Chlorhexidine group as compared to placebo (P= 0.042). These data demonstrate that the adjunctive use of the Chlorhexidine chip results in a significant reduction of PD when compared with both SRP alone or the adjunctive use of a placebo chip. These multi‐center randomized control trials suggest that the Chlorhexidine chip is a safe and effective adjunctive chemotherapy for the treatment of adult periodontitis

    A global perspective on the trophic geography of sharks

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    Sharks are a diverse group of mobile predators that forage across varied spatial scales and have the potential to influence food web dynamics. The ecological consequences of recent declines in shark biomass may extend across broader geographic ranges if shark taxa display common behavioural traits. By tracking the original site of photosynthetic fixation of carbon atoms that were ultimately assimilated into muscle tissues of 5,394 sharks from 114 species, we identify globally consistent biogeographic traits in trophic interactions between sharks found in different habitats. We show that populations of shelf-dwelling sharks derive a substantial proportion of their carbon from regional pelagic sources, but contain individuals that forage within additional isotopically diverse local food webs, such as those supported by terrestrial plant sources, benthic production and macrophytes. In contrast, oceanic sharks seem to use carbon derived from between 30° and 50° of latitude. Global-scale compilations of stable isotope data combined with biogeochemical modelling generate hypotheses regarding animal behaviours that can be tested with other methodological approaches
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