Optimal Cash Management Under Uncertainty

We solve an agent's optimization problem of meeting demands for cash over time with cash deposited in bank or invested in stock. The stock pays dividends and uncertain capital gains, and a commission is incurred in buying and selling of stock. We use a stochastic maximum principle to obtain explicitly the optimal transaction policy.Cash management, Stochastic control, Maximum principle, Risky assets

On an entire function represented by multiple Dirichlet series

summary:Consider the space $L$ of entire functions represented by multiple Dirichlet series that becomes a non uniformly convex Banach space which is also proved to be dense, countable and separable. Continuing further, for the given space $L$ the characterization of bounded linear transformations in terms of matrix and characterization of linear functional has been obtained

Evaluation of enhanced particle swarm optimization techniques for design of RC structural elements

In this paper, the use of extended versions of basic Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to Reinforced Concrete (RC) structural elements has been presented. The aim of extended versions of basic particle swarm optimization techniques to seek the global optima by maximizing the explorations area and minimizing the exploration time. Optimal sizing and reinforcement of RC structural members have been found by employing these techniques. The algorithms are coded in C++ and their effectiveness was tested in some benchmark mathematical functions. The different variables of each structural element have been considered as continuous functions and rounded off appropriately to imbibe the practical relevance of the present study

Evaluation of enhanced particle swarm optimization techniques for design of RC structural elements

In this paper, the use of extended versions of basic Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to Reinforced Concrete (RC) structural elements has been presented. The aim of extended versions of basic particle swarm optimization techniques to seek the global optima by maximizing the explorations area and minimizing the exploration time. Optimal sizing and reinforcement of RC structural members have been found by employing these techniques. The algorithms are coded in C++ and their effectiveness was tested in some benchmark mathematical functions. The different variables of each structural element have been considered as continuous functions and rounded off appropriately to imbibe the practical relevance of the present study

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS WITH MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS, RETINOPATHY AND NEPHROPATHY IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND CORRELATION WITH DURATION OF DIABETES

Background: The major morbidity in type 2 diabetes mellitus is due to microangiopathic and macroangiopathic complications. Though lung has been widely acknowledged to be a target organ in diabetes mellitus, its correlation and severity of involvement to other microvascular complications has not been studied. Aim: To study pulmonary function tests in type 2 diabetes mellitus and evaluate association of PFTs with microvascular complications, retinopathy and nephropathy and further assess the relationship of retinopathy, nephropathy and lungs with duration of diabetes. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in 100 male type 2 diabetic patients attending diabetic clinic in tertiary hospital. 100 non- diabetic subjects were selected as control from general population. PFTs tests were performed. Results were interpreted by one way ANOVA test. Association of PFT parameters FVC, FEV1, FEV1% in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy and retinopathy was analysed by Pearson\u27s correlation coefficient. The patient population was subdivided according to the duration of diabetes into 2 groups; less than 10 years of illness and more than 10 years. Relationship of each microvascular complications, retinopathy, nephropathy and pulmonary function tests with duration of diabetes was assessed by one- way ANOVA test. Results: There was a significant decrease in PFT parameters as compared to non-diabetic controls. The PFTs in type 2 diabetic subjects with nephropathy showed decline in FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, however association of these parameters with GFR and microalbuminuria was not significant. Also, a similar decline of PFT parameters was observed with increasing grades of retinopathy, though not significant. There was a significant positive correlation of retinopathy with microalbuminuria and GFR (nephropathy) in type 2 diabetic subjects. Also, there was significant association of microalbuminuria, GFR and retinopathy with increase in duration of diabetes. On the contrary the decline in FVC, FEV1, FEV1% with duration of diabetes was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Type 2 diabetic patients with poor glycaemic control and longer duration of diabetes history had significant correlation with microvascular complications, nephropathy and retinopathy as compared to pulmonary complications (PFT parameters). It is highly suggestive that diabetic patients with retinopathy must be screened for nephropathy

Fetomaternal outcome in cases of oligohydramnios after 28 weeks of pregnancy

Background: Aim of current study was to study the fetomaternal outcome in cases of oligohydramnios admitted in the labour room for delivery.Methods: A prospective hospital based study was conducted at Sharda hospital, school of medical sciences and research, Sharda University, Greater Noida. The study was undertaken over a period of two years from April 2012 to March 2014. Cases of oligohydramnios (AFI ≤5 cm) detected ultrasonographically at the time of admission in labour room were included in the study. The inclusion criteria for the purpose were: 28 completed weeks of gestation with singleton live pregnancy, intact membranes and no foetal anomalies. Data regarding bio-social characteristics, maternal and perinatal outcome were collected and results were analysed. 40 cases (with similar age and parity profile, as study cases) were taken as control.Results: There were 1342 deliveries during the study period. 41 cases were detected to have oligohydramnios. Majority of the cases (80.49%) in the study group belonged to the age group of 20-30 years. Incidence of associated maternal and foetal complications was higher in cases with oligohydramnios. Perinatal mortality was 9.76%. Fetal heart rate abnormalities were observed in 19.51% cases at the time of admission. Low Apgar score was seen in 19.51% neonates and 36.59% neonates were admitted in NICU.Conclusions: Oligohydramnios is being detected more often these days, due to routinely performed obstetric ultrasonography. In the present study, cases with AFI of ≤5 presenting for delivery (after 28 weeks of gestation), were studied. Babies were relatively more prone for complications

Intrauterine deaths: challenges faced in developing countries

Background: Reasons for intrauterine deaths differ in studies from different geographical areas. This study was done to determine common reasons for intrauterine deaths in Northern India, representing population from majority of developing world. Methods: Retrospective study was done from Jan 2010 to April 2013, and files and records reviewed to determine reasons and other data of females with intrauterine deaths.Results: Most common reasons for intrauterine deaths were prolonged/ obstructed labour (18.08%) and hyperthermia (16.9%) due to infectious diseases.Conclusion: Most deaths in developing countries are preventable. Awareness of existing health facilities and need to attend them timely, hygiene in newly constructed and under construction areas and political will is the need of the hour

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS WITH MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS, RETINOPATHY AND NEPHROPATHY IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND CORRELATION WITH DURATION OF DIABETES

Background: The major morbidity in type 2 diabetes mellitus is due to microangiopathic and macroangiopathic complications. Though lung has been widely acknowledged to be a target organ in diabetes mellitus, its correlation and severity of involvement to other microvascular complications has not been studied. Aim: To study pulmonary function tests in type 2 diabetes mellitus and evaluate association of PFTs with microvascular complications, retinopathy and nephropathy and further assess the relationship of retinopathy, nephropathy and lungs with duration of diabetes. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in 100 male type 2 diabetic patients attending diabetic clinic in tertiary hospital. 100 non- diabetic subjects were selected as control from general population. PFTs tests were performed. Results were interpreted by one way ANOVA test. Association of PFT parameters FVC, FEV1, FEV1% in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy and retinopathy was analysed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. The patient population was subdivided according to the duration of diabetes into 2 groups; less than 10 years of illness and more than 10 years. Relationship of each microvascular complications, retinopathy, nephropathy and pulmonary function tests with duration of diabetes was assessed by one- way ANOVA test. Results: There was a significant decrease in PFT parameters as compared to non-diabetic controls. The PFTs in type 2 diabetic subjects with nephropathy showed decline in FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, however association of these parameters with GFR and microalbuminuria was not significant. Also, a similar decline of PFT parameters was observed with increasing grades of retinopathy, though not significant. There was a significant positive correlation of retinopathy with microalbuminuria and GFR (nephropathy) in type 2 diabetic subjects. Also, there was significant association of microalbuminuria, GFR and retinopathy with increase in duration of diabetes. On the contrary the decline in FVC, FEV1, FEV1% with duration of diabetes was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Type 2 diabetic patients with poor glycaemic control and longer duration of diabetes history had significant correlation with microvascular complications, nephropathy and retinopathy as compared to pulmonary complications (PFT parameters). It is highly suggestive that diabetic patients with retinopathy must be screened for nephropathy

Non decent vaginal hysterectomy: personal experience of 105 cases

Background: Objective of current study was to evaluate the feasibility of performing vaginal hysterectomy for non-prolapsed uterus as a primary route.Methods: A hospital based prospective study was conducted at department of obstetrics and gynaecology of SMS & R from 1st January 2011 to 31st August 2014. All the patients undergoing non-descent vaginal hysterectomy for benign indication, without suspected adnexal pathology were included in the study. Vaginal hysterectomy was done in usual manner. In bigger size uterus morcellation techniques like bisection, debulking, myomectomy, slicing, or combination of these were used to remove the uterus. Data regarding age, parity, uterine size, estimated blood loss, length of operation, complication and hospital stay were recorded.  Results: A total of 105 cases were selected for non-descent vaginal hysterectomy. All 105 cases successfully underwent non-descent vaginal hysterectomy. Commonest age group was (41-45 years) i.e. 48.6%. All patients were parous. Uterus size was 8 weeks in 33 cases. Commonest indication was AUB (45.7%). Mean duration of surgery was 90 minutes. Mean blood loss was 205 ml. The most common complication was post –operative pain in 21.9% of cases. Febrile morbidity was present in 9.5% of cases. Blood transfusion was required in 4 cases. Average duration of hospital stay was four days.Conclusions: Vaginal hysterectomy for benign gynecological causes other than prolapse is safe and feasible, more economical and effective. For successful outcome size of uterus, size in all dimensions and location of fibroid should be taken into consideration. Today in the era of minimally invasive surgery, non-descent vaginal hysterectomy needs to be considered and seems to be a safe option.

Sleep, Sleepiness and Medical College Students: A Comparative Study among Medical and Paramedical Students of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital from a West Indian Metropolitan City

Background: Behavioural, physiological and neurocognitive processes occur during sleep which can be impaired by the absence of sleep. Accommodation and travelling stress can additionally compromise sleep duration along with the demanding curriculum. Aim: To compare sleep quality and quantity of medical versus paramedical and hostellers versus day scholar students of a Medical college in a metropolitan city. Subjects and Methods: Validated questionnaires (PSQI, ESS and Sleep 50) along with sleep diary and demographic sheet were used to study sleep duration, daytime sleepiness and sleep associated problems in 271 students of medical and paramedical course. Results: Study group included MBBS (76.4%, 207/271) and OT/ PT (23.6%, 64/271) students. Average (SD) sleep duration for MBBS students was 6:38 hrs (52 minutes) and of OT/PT students was 7 hrs (46 minutes). Short sleepers were 47.9% (130/271) students with 21% (57/271) sleeping <6 hours per day. Travel time of Hostellers was a maximum 40 minutes while day scholars was up to 4 hours/day. Poor sleep quality was reported by 20.7% students and Excessive Day time Sleepiness (ESS) by 24.4% students. More number of MBBS day scholars reported poor sleep quality and ESS than the hostellers. No student reported any sleep disturbance. Conclusion: The pressure of first year curriculum, transition to medical curriculum coupled with long and strenuous travel time take a toll on the sleep physiology of the medical students. College authorities have a limited role in this as a metropolitan city is saturated in terms of accommodation facilities. It is a social, academic and administrative problem.Keywords: PSQI, ESS, Sleep-50, Sleep quality, Sleep duratio