92 research outputs found
Land use change on the surface area and the influence on carbon
China has diversified landforms, the three-dimensional space area check is more accurate to help determine China’s land use change and the caused carbon variations. This study explored a new method to check China’s surface area and examine the terrestrial carbon changes for the period of 2000–2020. The results show that China’s surface area increased by 13.9% compared with the planar area, with the increased area measuring 133 × 104 km2. The south and the west, especially the southwest, usually have a high area increasing rate. Woodland has the highest area increasing rate for all the provinces. 10% of the land had its land use type changed. Cropland, grassland and unused show total land area decrease, woodland, water, and impervious all increased. The mean increasing rate of land transfer on surface area varied between 1.39% and 38.84%. The total amount of land use-type change caused carbon loss reached − 5907.44 × 104 t, of − 3168.97 × 104 t from vegetation storage loss, − 2738.77 × 104 t from NPP and water. There were only seven provinces show carbon increase, which were more located in the west. Per unit of woodland loss will cause higher carbon release than other land use types. Land use control need to be further strengthened, especially for the protection of woodland at mountain regions
Carbon emissions from land-use change and management in China between 1990 and 2010
China has experienced enormous changes in land use in recent decades, which are largely driven by its unparalleled economic development. We analyze changes in vegetation and soil carbon storage between 1990 and 2010 resulting from combinations of land-use category conversion and management. Results demonstrate a major decline in grasslands (−6.85%; 20.83 × 106 ha) and large increases in urban areas (+43.73%; 6.87 × 106 ha), farmlands (+0.84%; 1.48 × 106 ha), and forests (+0.67%; 1.52 × 106 ha). The total soil organic carbon pool has been reduced by approximately 11.5 Tg of carbon (TgC) year−1, whereas 13.2 TgC year−1 has accumulated in the biomass carbon pool because of land-use category change. Large carbon losses (approximately 101.8 TgC year−1) have resulted from land management failures, including forest fires and insect pests. Overall land-use change and land management have contributed about 1.45 Pg of carbon to the total carbon released from 1990 to 2010. Our results highlight the importance of improving land-use management, especially in view of the recently proposed expansion of urban areas in China
Dielectronic and trielectronic recombination rate coefficients of Be-like Ar14+
Electron–ion recombination of Be-like 40Ar14+ has been measured by employing the electron–ion merged-beams method at the cooler storage ring CSRm. The measured absolute recombination rate coefficients for collision energies from 0 to 60 eV are presented, covering all dielectronic recombination (DR) resonances associated with 2s 2 → 2s2p core transitions. In addition, strong trielectronic recombination (TR) resonances associated with 2s 2 → 2p 2 core transitions were observed. Both DR and TR processes lead to series of peaks in the measured recombination spectrum, which have been identified by the Rydberg formula. Theoretical calculations of recombination rate coefficients were performed using the state-of-the-art multi-configuration Breit–Pauli atomic structure code AUTOSTRUCTURE to compare with the experimental results. The plasma rate coefficients for DR+TR of Ar14+ were deduced from the measured electron–ion recombination rate coefficients in the temperature range from 103 to 107 K, and compared with calculated data from the literature. The experimentally derived plasma rate coefficients are 60% larger and 30% lower than the previously recommended atomic data for the temperature ranges of photoionized plasmas and collisionally ionized plasmas, respectively. However, good agreement was found between experimental results and the calculations by Gu and Colgan et al. The plasma rate coefficients deduced from experiment and calculated by the current AUTOSTRUCTURE code show agreement that is better than 30% from 104 to 107 K. The present results constitute a set of benchmark data for use in astrophysical modeling
Electron-ion recombination rate coefficients of Be-like 40Ca16+
Electron–ion recombination rate coefficients for beryllium-like calcium ions in the center of mass energy from 0 to51.88 eV have been measured by means of the electron–ion merged-beam technique at the main cooler storage ringat the Institute of Modern Physics in Lanzhou, China. The measurement energy range covers the dielectronicrecombination (DR) resonances associated with the 2s2 1S0 -> 2s2p 3P0,1,2, 1P1 core excitations and the trielectronicrecombination (TR) resonances associated with the 2s2 1S0 -> 2p2 3P0,1,2, 1D2, 1S0 core excitations. In addition,the AUTOSTRUCTURE code was used to calculate the recombination rate coefficients for comparison with theexperimental results. Resonant recombination originating from parent ions in the long-lived metastable state 2s2p 3P0 ions has been identified in the recombination spectrum below 1.25 eV. A good agreement is achievedbetween the experimental recombination spectrum and the result of the AUTOSTRUCTURE calculations whenfractions of 95% ground-state ions and 5% metastable ions are assumed in the calculation. It is found thatthe calculated TR resonance positions agree with the experimental peaks, while the resonance strengths areunderestimated by the theoretical calculation. Temperature dependent plasma rate coefficients for DR and TR inthe temperature range of 103–108 K were derived from the measured electron–ion recombination rate coefficientsand compared with the available theoretical results from the literature. In the temperature range of photoionizedplasmas, the presently calculated rate coefficients and the recent results of Gu & Colgan et al. are up to 30% lowerthan the experimentally derived ones, and the older atomic data are even up to 50% lower than the presentexperimental result. This is because strong resonances situated below electron–ion collision energies of 50 meVwere underestimated by the theoretical calculation, which also has a severe influence on the rate coefficients inlow-temperature plasmas. In the temperature range of collisionally ionized plasmas, agreement within 25% wasfound between the experimental result and the present calculation as well as the calculation by Colgan et al. Thepresent result constitutes a set of benchmark data for use in astrophysical modeling
Pattern Formation of the Attraction-Repulsion Keller-Segel System
In this paper, the pattern formation of the attraction-repulsion Keller-Segel (ARKS) system is studied analytically and numerically. By the Hopf bifurcation theorem as well as the local and global bifurcation theorem, we rigorously establish the existence of time-periodic patterns and steady state patterns for the ARKS model in the full parameter regimes, which are identified by a linear stability analysis. We also show that when the chemotactic attraction is strong, a spiky steady state pattern can develop. Explicit time-periodic rippling wave patterns and spiky steady state patterns are obtained numerically by carefully selecting parameter values based on our theoretical results. The study in the paper asserts that chemotactic competitive interaction between attraction and repulsion can produce periodic patterns which are impossible for the chemotaxis model with a single chemical (either chemo-attractant or chemo-repellent)
Exploring the Caffeine-Induced Teratogenicity on Neurodevelopment Using Early Chick Embryo
Caffeine consumption is worldwide. It has been part of our diet for many centuries; indwelled in our foods, drinks, and medicines. It is often perceived as a “legal drug”, and though it is known to have detrimental effects on our health, more specifically, disrupt the normal fetal development following excessive maternal intake, much ambiguity still surrounds the precise mechanisms and consequences of caffeine-induced toxicity. Here, we employed early chick embryos as a developmental model to assess the effects of caffeine on the development of the fetal nervous system. We found that administration of caffeine led to defective neural tube closures and expression of several abnormal morphological phenotypes, which included thickening of the cephalic mesenchymal tissues and scattering of somites. Immunocytochemistry of caffeine-treated embryos using neural crest cell markers also demonstrated uncharacteristic features; HNK1 labeled migratory crest cells exhibited an incontinuous dorsal-ventral migration trajectory, though Pax7 positive cells of the caffeine-treated groups were comparatively similar to the control. Furthermore, the number of neurons expressing neurofilament and the degree of neuronal branching were both significantly reduced following caffeine administration. The extent of these effects was dose-dependent. In conclusion, caffeine exposure can result in malformations of the neural tube and induce other teratogenic effects on neurodevelopment, although the exact mechanism of these effects requires further investigation
In silico pharmacodynamics, toxicity profile and biological activities of the Saharan medicinal plant Limoniastrum feei
Genetic Dissection of the Canq1 Locus Governing Variation in Extent of the Collateral Circulation
<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Native (pre-existing) collaterals are arteriole-to-arteriole anastomoses that interconnect adjacent arterial trees and serve as endogenous bypass vessels that limit tissue injury in ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, coronary and peripheral artery disease. Their extent (number and diameter) varies widely among mouse strains and healthy humans. We previously identified a major quantitative trait locus on chromosome 7 (<em>Canq1</em>, LOD = 29) responsible for 37% of the heritable variation in collateral extent between C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. We sought to identify candidate genes in <em>Canq1</em> responsible for collateral variation in the cerebral pial circulation, a tissue whose strain-dependent variation is shared by similar variation in other tissues.</p> <h3>Methods and Findings</h3><p>Collateral extent was intermediate in a recombinant inbred line that splits <em>Canq1</em> between the C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains. Phenotyping and SNP-mapping of an expanded panel of twenty-one informative inbred strains narrowed the <em>Canq1</em> locus, and genome-wide linkage analysis of a SWRxSJL-F2 cross confirmed its haplotype structure. Collateral extent, infarct volume after cerebral artery occlusion, bleeding time, and re-bleeding time did not differ in knockout mice for two vascular-related genes located in <em>Canq1</em>, <em>IL4ra</em> and <em>Itgal</em>. Transcript abundance of 6 out of 116 genes within the 95% confidence interval of <em>Canq1</em> were differentially expressed >2-fold (p-value<0.05÷150) in the cortical <em>pia mater</em> from C57BL/6 and BALB/c embryos at E14.5, E16.5 and E18.5 time-points that span the period of collateral formation.</p> <h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These findings refine the <em>Canq1</em> locus and identify several genes as high-priority candidates important in specifying native collateral formation and its wide variation.</p> </div
Vegetation greenness modelling in response to interannual precipitation and temperature changes between 2001 and 2012 in Liao River Basin in Jilin Province, China
The mechanisms of action of vaccines containing aluminum adjuvants: an in vitro vs in vivo paradigm
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