Land Use Rights and Productivity: Insights from a 2006 Rural Household Survey

The aim of this article is the provide an overview of the distribution of land use (property) rights in 12 provinces in Vietnam and the productivity effect on plot level and whole farm rice growing . We show that land titles are indeed important. Only exclusively held titles have the expected positive effects and the positive effects on yields is fund in male households.Vietnam, Rice, Land use, productivity

Morphology and DNA marker for distinguishing Paphiopedilum hangianum and Paphiopedilum emersonii from Vietnam

Genus Paphiopedilum has species having lovely flowers which are incredibly attractive to everyone. Their ornamental and commercial value caused over-collection and illegal poaching and trade. Due to these reasons, nowadays, the Venus slipper orchids are facing to deplete in nature. Therefore, it is important to consider these species conservation. Mainly, it is necessary to prioritize the identification and phylogenetic analysis methods of the genus Paphiopedilum which includes many species with similar morphological characteristics. Consequently, it isn't easy to distinguish the identical species of this genus when the plants are young or not yet fully flowering. Therefore, this study aimed to distinguish two Paphiopedilum species, i.e. P. hangianum and P. emersonii, which have similar morphological characteristics, through comparative morphological analysis and differences in DNA barcoding sequences. To solve the problem associated with species identifications, a morphological comparison table was created with the four DNA sequence markers matK, rbcL, rpoC1 and trnH-psbA. The results of the morphological analysis showed that P. hangianum and P. emersonii are significantly different from each other in the flower's characteristics. While the difference in leaf morphology of both selected species is found very little, it is also distinguishable upon careful comparison. Moreover, the DNA barcoding indicator gave accurate and rapid distinctions between the two species, even when     the plants are young or without flowers. Furthermore, this DNA barcoding can establish an evolutionary relationship between the two selected species and the other species of the genus Paphiopedilum. The results of this study also suggested that the indicator trnH-psbA is a suitable marker for distinguishing these two species and can be applied for the phylogenetic analysis of the genus Paphiopedilum in Vietnam

Land Use Rights and Productivity: Insights from a 2006 Rural Household Survey

The aim of this article is the provide an overview of the distribution of land use (property) rights in 12 provinces in Vietnam and the productivity effect on plot level and whole farm rice growing . We show that land titles are indeed important. Only exclusively held titles have the expected positive effects and the positive effects on yields is fund in male households

Household Savings in Vietnam: Insights from a 2006 Rural Household Survey

The aim of this paper is to inform the reader about the rural households' saving situation in Vietnam and the determinants of household saving with special interest in the possible effects of network savings behavior on household savings behavior. In Vietnam households hold capital through informal means. This means prevents it in many cases from being used effectively for investment purposes. Disseminating information about the merits of institutional saving could potentially stimulate formal household savings making. We discuss the extent to which social networks may act as an effective information transmission mechanism, and also argue that the nature and quality of the information disseminated must be carefully considered to expect the desired policy response

Neuromuscular Blockade Agents Reversal with Sugammadex Compared to Neostigmine in the Living Kidney Donors

Backround: The reversation of NMBA (neuromuscular blocking agents) prevents numerous postoperative complications, increases quality of recovery and decreases the time, expenditure spending in hospital. The choice of medicine used to reverse NMBA depends  considered as a key fators to gain the best outcome and to avoid the side effects. Aim: To evaluate the postoperative effect on muscle relaxation reversal and side effects of sugammadex 2 mg/kg versus the combination of  neostigmine and atropine sulfate in the living kidney donors. MethodS: A randomised controlled trial on 70 patients undergoing living kidney donation surgery were allocated to 2 groups. Patients in group I (SUGA) were reversed with sugammadex 2 mg/kg and in group II (NEO/ATR) with the combination of neostigmine and atropine sulfat. Results: With 35 patients in each group, the study results showed that after 3 mintutes of reversal patients reaching TOF value ≥ 0.9 in group SUGA is 91.4%, after 5 minutes 100% of patients in group SUGA reached TOF value ≥ 0.9 . In group NEO/ATR after 3 minutes 28.6% patients reached TOF ≥ 0.9 and 40% patients reached TOF≥ 0.9 after 5 minutes. The difference in percentage of patients reaching TOF ≥ 0.9 after 3 minutes, 5 minutes of reversal between two groups is significant (p<0.05). After 10 minutes, 100% patients in both group got TOF ≥ 0.9. Time to exutubation of group SUGA was 249.43 ± 81.75 seconds and it was 456.29 ± 146.45 seconds in group NEO/ATR. Nausea, bradycardia, and increased phlegm production in group NEO/ATR was 22.9%; 28.5%; 25.7% respectively; while those side effects were not met in group SUGA, the difference was significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: The muscle relaxation reversal effect of sugammadex was faster than that of neostigmine, the duration TOF ≥ 0.9 and the time to extubation was significantly faster. Sugammadex did not cause hemodynamic changes before and after muscle relaxation reversal, neostigmine resulted in the bradycardia, increased phlegm secreting and other side effects. The renal function after 24 hours postoperatively of two groups was similar

Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Background: Many causes of vision impairment can be prevented or treated. With an ageing global population, the demands for eye health services are increasing. We estimated the prevalence and relative contribution of avoidable causes of blindness and vision impairment globally from 1990 to 2020. We aimed to compare the results with the World Health Assembly Global Action Plan (WHA GAP) target of a 25% global reduction from 2010 to 2019 in avoidable vision impairment, defined as cataract and undercorrected refractive error. Methods: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) of moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI; presenting visual acuity from <6/18 to 3/60) and blindness (<3/60 or less than 10° visual field around central fixation) by cause, age, region, and year. Because of data sparsity at younger ages, our analysis focused on adults aged 50 years and older. Findings: Global crude prevalence of avoidable vision impairment and blindness in adults aged 50 years and older did not change between 2010 and 2019 (percentage change −0·2% [95% UI −1·5 to 1·0]; 2019 prevalence 9·58 cases per 1000 people [95% IU 8·51 to 10·8], 2010 prevalence 96·0 cases per 1000 people [86·0 to 107·0]). Age-standardised prevalence of avoidable blindness decreased by −15·4% [–16·8 to −14·3], while avoidable MSVI showed no change (0·5% [–0·8 to 1·6]). However, the number of cases increased for both avoidable blindness (10·8% [8·9 to 12·4]) and MSVI (31·5% [30·0 to 33·1]). The leading global causes of blindness in those aged 50 years and older in 2020 were cataract (15·2 million cases [9% IU 12·7–18·0]), followed by glaucoma (3·6 million cases [2·8–4·4]), undercorrected refractive error (2·3 million cases [1·8–2·8]), age-related macular degeneration (1·8 million cases [1·3–2·4]), and diabetic retinopathy (0·86 million cases [0·59–1·23]). Leading causes of MSVI were undercorrected refractive error (86·1 million cases [74·2–101·0]) and cataract (78·8 million cases [67·2–91·4]). Interpretation: Results suggest eye care services contributed to the observed reduction of age-standardised rates of avoidable blindness but not of MSVI, and that the target in an ageing global population was not reached. Funding: Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Théa, The Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation, Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelberg

Genome-Wide Analysis of Genes Encoding Methionine-Rich Proteins in Arabidopsis and Soybean Suggesting Their Roles in the Adaptation of Plants to Abiotic Stress

Oxidation and reduction of methionine (Met) play important roles in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and signaling in living organisms. To understand the impacts of Met oxidation and reduction in plants during stress, we surveyed the genomes of Arabidopsis and soybean (Glycine max L.) for genes encoding Met-rich proteins (MRPs). We found 121 and 213 genes encoding MRPs in Arabidopsis and soybean, respectively. Gene annotation indicated that those with known function are involved in vital cellular processes such as transcriptional control, calcium signaling, protein modification, and metal transport. Next, we analyzed the transcript levels of MRP-coding genes under normal and stress conditions. We found that 57 AtMRPs were responsive either to drought or to high salinity stress in Arabidopsis; 35 GmMRPs were responsive to drought in the leaf of late vegetative or early reproductive stages of soybean. Among the MRP genes with a known function, the majority of the abiotic stress-responsive genes are involved in transcription control and calcium signaling. Finally, Arabidopsis plant which overexpressed an MRP-coding gene, whose transcripts were downregulated by abiotic stress, was more sensitive to paraquat than the control. Taken together, our report indicates that MRPs participate in various vital processes of plants under normal and stress conditions

Effects of Supplemental Light Spectra on the Composition, Production and Antimicrobial Activity of <i>Ocimum basilicum</i> L. Essential Oil

This study was performed to investigate the effects of different supplemental light spectra and doses (duration and illuminance) on the essential oil of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivated in the net-house in Vietnam during four months. Ten samples of basil aerial parts were hydrodistilled to obtain essential oils which had the average yields from 0.88 to 1.30% (v/w, dry). The oils analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS showed that the main component was methyl chavicol (87.4–90.6%) with the highest values found in the oils of basil under lighting conditions of 6 h/day and 150–200 µmol·m−2·s−1. Additional lighting conditions caused the significant differences (p −2·s−1 in 6 h/day and (2) 43.5% Red: 43.5% Blue: 8.0% Green: 5.0% Far-Red at 100 μmol·m−2·s−1 in 6 h/day. The oils of basil in some formulas showed weak inhibitory effects on only the Bacillus subtilis strain. Different light spectra affect the biomass and essential oil production of basil, as well as the concentrations of the major components in the oil