Q^2 Evolution of Generalized Baldin Sum Rule for the Proton

The generalized Baldin sum rule for virtual photon scattering, the unpolarized analogy of the generalized Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn integral, provides an important way to investigate the transition between perturbative QCD and hadronic descriptions of nucleon structure. This sum rule requires integration of the nucleon structure function F_1, which until recently had not been measured at low Q^2 and large x, i.e. in the nucleon resonance region. This work uses new data from inclusive electron-proton scattering in the resonance region obtained at Jefferson Lab, in combination with SLAC deep inelastic scattering data, to present first precision measurements of the generalized Baldin integral for the proton in the Q^2 range of 0.3 to 4.0 GeV^2.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, one table; text added, one figure replace

A Review of Target Mass Corrections

With recent advances in the precision of inclusive lepton--nuclear scattering experiments, it has become apparent that comparable improvements are needed in the accuracy of the theoretical analysis tools. In particular, when extracting parton distribution functions in the large-x region, it is crucial to correct the data for effects associated with the nonzero mass of the target. We present here a comprehensive review of these target mass corrections (TMC) to structure functions data, summarizing the relevant formulas for TMCs in electromagnetic and weak processes. We include a full analysis of both hadronic and partonic masses, and trace how these effects appear in the operator product expansion and the factorized parton model formalism, as well as their limitations when applied to data in the x->1 limit. We evaluate the numerical effects of TMCs on various structure functions, and compare fits to data with and without these corrections.Comment: 41 pages, 13 figures; minor updates to match published versio

Direct Observation of Quark-Hadron Duality in the Free Neutron F\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e Structure Function

Using the recently published data from the BONuS(Barely Off-shell Nucleon Structure) experiment at Jefferson Lab, which utilized a spectator tagging technique to extract the inclusive electron-free neutron scattering cross section, we obtain the first direct observation of quark-hadron duality in the neutron F2 structure function. The data are used to reconstruct the lowest few (N = 2, 4, and 6) moments of F2 in the three prominent nucleon resonance regions, as well as the moments integrated over the entire resonance region. Comparison with moments computed from global parametrizations of parton distribution functions suggest that quark-hadron duality holds locally for the neutron in the second and third resonance regions down to Q2 approximate to 1 GeV2, with violations possibly up to 20% observed in the first resonance region

Unpolarized structure functions at Jefferson Lab

Over the past decade measurements of unpolarized structure functions at Jefferson Lab with unprecedented precision have significantly advanced our knowledge of nucleon structure. These have for the first time allowed quantitative tests of the phenomenon of quark-hadron duality, and provided a deeper understanding of the transition from hadron to quark degrees of freedom in inclusive scattering. Dedicated Rosenbluth-separation experiments have yielded high-precision transverse and longitudinal structure functions in regions previously unexplored, and new techniques have enabled the first glimpses of the structure of the free neutron, without contamination from nuclear effects.Comment: 21 pages, 9 figures; typo in Eq. (3) corrected, references added; to appear in J. Phys. Conf. Proc. "New Insights into the Structure of Matter: The First Decade of Science at Jefferson Lab", eds. D. Higinbotham, W. Melnitchouk, A. Thoma

Double radiative pion capture on hydrogen and deuterium and the nucleon's pion cloud

We report measurements of double radiative capture in pionic hydrogen and pionic deuterium. The measurements were performed with the RMC spectrometer at the TRIUMF cyclotron by recording photon pairs from pion stops in liquid hydrogen and deuterium targets. We obtained absolute branching ratios of $(3.02 \pm 0.27 (stat.) \pm 0.31 (syst.)) \times 10^{-5}$ for hydrogen and $(1.42 \pm ^{0.09}_{0.12} (stat.) \pm 0.11 (syst.)) \times 10^{-5}$ for deuterium, and relative branching ratios of double radiative capture to single radiative capture of $(7.68 \pm 0.69(stat.) \pm 0.79(syst.)) \times 10^{-5}$ for hydrogen and $(5.44 \pm^{0.34}_{0.46}(stat.) \pm 0.42(syst.)) \times 10^{-5}$ for deuterium. For hydrogen, the measured branching ratio and photon energy-angle distributions are in fair agreement with a reaction mechanism involving the annihilation of the incident $\pi^-$ on the $\pi^+$ cloud of the target proton. For deuterium, the measured branching ratio and energy-angle distributions are qualitatively consistent with simple arguments for the expected role of the spectator neutron. A comparison between our hydrogen and deuterium data and earlier beryllium and carbon data reveals substantial changes in the relative branching ratios and the energy-angle distributions and is in agreement with the expected evolution of the reaction dynamics from an annihilation process in S-state capture to a bremsstrahlung process in P-state capture. Lastly, we comment on the relevance of the double radiative process to the investigation of the charged pion polarizability and the in-medium pion field.Comment: 44 pages, 7 tables, 13 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.

Observation of double radiative capture on pionic hydrogen

We report the first observation of double radiative capture on pionic hydrogen. The experiment was conducted at the TRIUMF cyclotron using the RMC spectrometer, and detected $\gamma$--ray coincidences following $\pi^-$ stops in liquid hydrogen. We found the branching ratio for double radiative capture to be $(3.05 \pm 0.27(stat.) \pm 0.31(syst.)) \times 10^{-5}$. The measured branching ratio and angle-energy distributions support the theoretical prediction of a dominant contribution from the $\pi \pi \to \gamma \gamma$ annihilation mechanism.Comment: 4 Pages, 4 Figures. accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Let

KAJIAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN MIX USE DI KOTA MANADO MENUJU SMART GROWTH CITY

Peningkatan jumlah penduduk mengakibatkan kebutuhan lahan yang digunakan untuk kegiatan penduduk meningkat. Selain itu, pertumbuhan penduduk mendorong penggunaan lahan secara ekstensifiasi di suatu kawasan perkotaan dan mengakibatkan perkembangan kawasan secara acak. Dengan kondisi kota Manado yang makin padat dan lahan kosong yang makin menyusut, konsep mix use dianggap sebagai konsep pembangunan yang tepat. Dalam perkembangannya, kota Manado berhasil menerapkan prinsip mix use yang terdapat dalam konsep smart growth city. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan adanya penggabungan kawasan residensial dan komersial di kawasan Star Square-Mega Mas. Dipilihnya lokasi penelitian di kawasan tesebut dikarenakan lokasi yang dipilih dianggap mampu mewakili mix use yang ada di kota Manado dan dikarenakan berdasarkan RTRW, salah satu pusat pelayanan masyarakat berada di kawasan reklamasi yang diteliti. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode mix dimana metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif digabung. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan peta citra satelit, sehingga menghasilkan peta penggunaan lahan, peta RTH dan peta pedestrian. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang ada. Dalam analisis tersebut dilakukan perhitungan kepadatan mix use berdasarkan KDB dan masyarakat yang datang dan tinggal, selain itu terdapat analisis RTH dan juga analisis pedestrian. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, didapati bahwa mix use yang ada belum bisa dikatakan mix dan menuju smart growth city.Kata kunci: Mix Use, Kota Manado, Smart Growth Cit

The Cutaneous Microbiome and Wounds: New Molecular Targets to Promote Wound Healing

The ecological community of microorganisms in/on humans, termed the microbiome, is vital for sustaining homeostasis. While culture-independent techniques have revealed the role of the gut microbiome in human health and disease, the role of the cutaneous microbiome in wound healing is less defined. Skin commensals are essential in the maintenance of the epithelial barrier function, regulation of the host immune system, and protection from invading pathogenic microorganisms. In this review, we summarize the literature derived from pre-clinical and clinical studies on how changes in the microbiome of various acute and chronic skin wounds impact wound healing tissue regeneration. Furthermore, we review the mechanistic insights garnered from model wound healing systems. Finally, in the face of growing concern about antibiotic-resistance, we will discuss alternative strategies for the treatment of infected wounds to improve wound healing and outcomes. Taken together, it has become apparent that commensals, symbionts, and pathogens on human skin have an intimate role in the inflammatory response that highlights several potential strategies to treat infected, non-healing wounds. Despite these promising results, there are some contradictory and controversial findings from existing studies and more research is needed to define the role of the human skin microbiome in acute and chronic wound healing

Hyalotekite, (Ba,Pb,K)(4)(Ca,Y)(2)Si-8(B,Be)(2)(Si,B)(2)O28F, a Tectosilicate Related to Scapolite: New Structure Refinement, Phase Transitions and a Short-Range Ordered 3B Superstructure

Hyalotekite, a framework silicate of composition (Ba,Pb,K)(4)(Ca,Y)(2)Si-8(B,Be)(2) (Si,B)(2)O28F, is found in relatively high-temperature(greater than or equal to 500 degrees C) Mn skarns at Langban, Sweden, and peralkaline pegmatites at Dara-i-Pioz, Tajikistan. A new paragenesis at Dara-i-Pioz is pegmatite consisting of the Ba borosilicates leucosphenite and tienshanite, as well as caesium kupletskite, aegirine, pyrochlore, microcline and quartz. Hyalotekite has been partially replaced by barylite and danburite. This hyalotekite contains 1.29-1.78 wt.% Y2O3, equivalent to 0.172-0.238 Y pfu or 8-11% Y on the Ca site; its Pb/(Pb+Ba) ratio ranges 0.36-0.44. Electron microprobe F contents of Langban and Dara-i-Pioz hyalotekite range 1.04-1.45 wt.%, consistent with full occupancy of the F site. A new refinement of the structure factor data used in the original structural determination of a Langban hyalotekite resulted in a structural formula, (Pb1.96Ba1.86K0.18)Ca-2(B1.76Be0.24)(Si1.56B0.44)Si8O28F, consistent with chemical data and all cations with positive-definite thermal parameters, although with a slight excess of positive charge (+57.14 as opposed to the ideal +57.00). An unusual feature of the hyalotekite framework is that 4 of 28 oxygens are non-bridging; by merging these 4 oxygens into two, the framework topology of scapolite is obtained. The triclinic symmetry of hyalotekite observed at room temperature is obtained from a hypothetical tetragonal parent structure via a sequence of displacive phase transitions. Some of these transitions are associated with cation ordering, either Pb-Ba ordering in the large cation sites, or B-Be and Si-B ordering on tetrahedral sites. Others are largely displacive but affect the coordination of the large cations (Pb, Ba, K, Ca). High-resolution electron microscopy suggests that the undulatory extinction characteristic of hyalotekite is due to a fine mosaic microstructure. This suggests that at least one of these transitions occurs in nature during cooling, and that it is first order with a large volume change. A diffuse superstructure observed by electron diffraction implies the existence of a further stage of short-range cation ordering which probably involves both (Pb,K)-Ba and (BeSi,BB)-BSi