Double-walled carbon nanotubes trigger IL-1β release in human monocytes through Nlrp3 inflammasome activation

Because of their outstanding physical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising new materials in the field of nanotechnology. It is therefore imperative to assess their adverse effects on human health. Monocytes/macrophages that recognize and eliminate the inert particles constitute the main target of CNTs. In this article, we report our finding that double-walled CNTs (DWCNTs) synergize with Tolllike receptor agonists to enhance IL-1β release in human monocytes. We show that DWCNTs–induced IL-1β secretion is exclusively linked to caspase-1 and to Nlrp3 inflammasome activation in human monocytes. We also establish that this activation requires DWCNTs phagocytosis and potassium efflux, but not reactive oxygen specied (ROS) generation. Moreover, inhibition of lysosomal acidification or cathepsin-B activation reduces DWCNT-induced IL-1β secretion, suggesting that Nlrp3 inflammasome activation occurs via lysosomal destabilization. Thus, DWCNTs present a health hazard due to their capacity to activate Nlrp3 inflammasome, recalling the inflammation caused by asbestos and hence demonstrating that they should be used with caution. From the Clinical Editor: This is a very important biosafety/toxicity study regarding double walled carbon nanotubes. The investigators demonstrate that such nanotubes do represent a health hazard due to their capacity to activate Nlrp3 inflammasome, resembling the inflammation caused by asbestos. While further study of this phenomenon is definitely needed, the above findings clearly suggest that special precautions need to be taken when applying these nanoparticles in human disease research

Efficacy of a Short Role-Play Training on Breaking Bad News in the Emergency Department

Introduction: Breaking bad news (BBN) in the emergency department (ED) represents a challenging and stressful situation for physicians. Many medical students and residents feel stressed and uncomfortable with such situations because of insufficient training. Our randomized controlled study aimed to assess the efficacy of a four-hour BBN simulation-based training on perceived self-efficacy, the BBN process, and communication skills.Methods: Medical students and residents were randomized into a 160-hour ED clinical rotation without a formal BBN curriculum (control group [CG], n = 31) or a 156-hour ED clinical rotation and a four-hour BBN simulation-based training (training group [TG], n = 37). Both groups were assessed twice: once at the beginning of the rotation (pre-test) and again four weeks later. Assessments included a BBN evaluation via a simulation with two actors playing family members and the completion of a questionnaire on self-efficacy. Two blinded raters assessed the BBN process with the SPIKES (a delivery protocol for delivering bad news) competence form and communication skills with the modified BBN Assessment Schedule.Results: Group-by-time effects adjusted by study year revealed a significant improvement in TG as compared with CG on self-efficacy (P < 0.001), the BBN process (P < 0.001), and communication skills (P < 0.001). TG showed a significant gain regarding the BBN process (+33.3%, P < 0.001). After the training, students with limited clinical experience prior to the rotation showed BBN performance skills equal to that of students in the CG who had greater clinical experience.Conclusion: A short BBN simulation-based training can be added to standard clinical rotations. It has the potential to significantly improve self-efficacy, the BBN process, and communication skills

Factors influencing the adoption and participation rate of nursing homes staff in a saliva testing screening programme for COVID-19.

peer reviewedTesting strategies are crucial to prevent and control the spread of covid-19 but suffer from a lack of investment in understanding the human factors that influence their implementation. The aim of this study was to understand the factors that encourage participation and the level of engagement of nursing homes staff in a routine saliva testing programme for COVID-19 In December 2020, nursing homes (n = 571) in Wallonia (Belgium) were invited to participate in a saliva testing programme for their staff. The directors were questioned by telephone at the end of a 3-week pilot phase. 445 nursing homes took part in the evaluation questionnaire, of which 36(8%) answered that they chose not to participate in the testing programme. The average participation rate of nursing staff was 49(±25)%. Perception of the justification of the efforts required for testing and perception of practicability of the procedure were significantly associated with the adoption of the system by the nursing homes directors (OR(95%CI): 5.96(1.97-18.0), p = 0.0016); OR(95%CI): 5.64(1.94-16.4), p = 0.0015 respectively). Staff support, incentives and meetings increased the level of engagement in testing (p<0.05). While the adoption of the programme confirmed the acceptability of salivary testing as a means of screening, the participation rate confirmed the need for studies to understand the factors that encourage health care staff to take part. The results suggested rethinking strategies to consider staff engagement from a health promotion perspective

Nrf2, a PPARγ Alternative Pathway to Promote CD36 Expression on Inflammatory Macrophages: Implication for Malaria

CD36 is the major receptor mediating nonopsonic phagocytosis of Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized erythrocytes by macrophages. Its expression on macrophages is mainly controlled by the nuclear receptor PPARγ. Here, we demonstrate that inflammatory processes negatively regulate CD36 expression on human and murine macrophages, and hence decrease Plasmodium clearance directly favoring the worsening of malaria infection. This CD36 downregulation in inflammatory conditions is associated with a failure in the expression and activation of PPARγ. Interestingly, using siRNA mediating knock down of Nrf2 in macrophages or Nrf2- and PPARγ-deficient macrophages, we establish that in inflammatory conditions, the Nrf2 transcription factor controls CD36 expression independently of PPARγ. In these conditions, Nrf2 activators, but not PPARγ ligands, enhance CD36 expression and CD36-mediated Plasmodium phagocytosis. These results were confirmed in human macrophages and in vivo where only Nrf2 activators improve the outcome of severe malaria. Collectively, this report highlights that the Nrf2 transcription factor could be an alternative target to PPARγ in the control of severe malaria through parasite clearance

Mécanismes de dérégulation de la polarisation des macrophages et de la résolution de l'inflammation au cours de la cicatrisation de plaies cutanées chez des souris diabétiques de type 2 : restauration par application topique d'aspirine

Non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes is a major public health problem due to its prevalence and the high rate of its degenerative complications. Among these problems, healing disorders and more particularly "diabetic foot" ulcers are one of the leading cause of morbidity and mortality of diabetic patients. The understanding of the deregulation of cellular and molecular mechanisms of the wound healing process in diabetic patients is a key issue for the development of new therapeutic strategies. This work was carried out in this context. Wound healing is a physiological multifactorial and dynamic process aiming to the restoration of the integrity and functionality of injured tissue. This complex biological response requires an orchestration and a precise communication between immuno-inflammatory cells and resident cells in the wound tissue. This process can be divided into four distinct but overlapping phases: an inflammatory phase involving the initial stage of hemostasis arrested by a resolution phase of inflammation; a proliferative/regeneration stage and finally a tissue remodeling phase. Data from the literature suggest that the delayed healing in diabetic patient is principally due to chronic inflammation. Our hypothesis was to demonstrate that deregulation was the result of a major impairment of the resolution phase of inflammation. Our ultimate aim was to influence this phase to accelerate the healing process in diabetic mice. The first step of this study was to develop a new cutaneous excisional wound model in type 2 diabetic mice (in High Fat Diet or leptin receptor deficiency mice db/db). Associated with the development of an innovative device, this model allowed us (i) to treat the wound and follow the wound healing evolution (ii), to collect in aseptically condition and over time the secreted exudate, (ii) to evaluate the phenotypic and functional characteristics of exudate cells and to measure the amount of pro-and anti -inflammatory mediators. This first step leads to the publication of two patent applications (filed in December 2011 and published under the references FR 2984719 and FR 2984722). Our experimental approach demonstrate that the impaired wound healing process in type 2 diabetic mice was due to a strong neutrophil and inflammatory macrophage M1 infiltration, and a lack of influx of anti-inflammatory macrophages M2. All this is associated with a failure in the inflammatory cells apoptosis and efferocytosis. These dysregulations sign a default of resolution of inflammation that we have quantified by the measure of excessive leukotriene (LT) B4, (a proinflammatory arachidonic acid (AA) metabolite from the 5-lipoxygenase pathway) in both exudate and scar tissue, at the expense of the lipoxin (LX) A4 (an anti-inflammatory AA metabolite formed from LTA4 by 12/15-LOX). With an original pharmacological approach, we target the resolution of the inflammatory phase to promote wound closure in diabetic mice. For this we have decided to use topical application of acetylsalicylic acid on the wound (AAS-aspirin), 3 days after the establishment of the skin lesion. We demonstrate that aspirin accelerates wound closure in diabetic mice.Le diabète non insulino-dépendant de type 2 demeure un problème majeur de santé publique. Cette pathologie associée au vieillissement, à la sédentarisation et à l'obésité induit un taux élevé de complications. Parmi celles-ci, le défaut de cicatrisation et plus particulièrement le syndrome du " pied diabétique " est une des causes majeures de morbidité et de mortalité chez les patients diabétiques. La compréhension de la dérégulation des mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires du processus cicatriciel chez le diabétique représente un enjeu essentiel pour le développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. C'est dans ce contexte que ce travail de thèse a été réalisé. La cicatrisation des plaies est un processus physiopathologique complexe, multifactoriel et dynamique visant à rétablir l'intégrité et la fonctionnalité des tissus lésés. Cette réponse biologique nécessite une orchestration et une communication précise entre les cellules inflammatoires infiltrées et les différentes populations cellulaires des tissus. De manière conventionnelle, on distingue 4 principales phases qui peuvent se chevaucher : une première étape d'hémostase généralement couplée à une phase inflammatoire précoce et arrêtée par une phase de résolution de l'inflammation. Une période de prolifération/ régénération permet la génération du nouveau tissu, et enfin, la phase de remodelage tissulaire permet au tissu de retrouver des caractéristiques d'élasticité et de souplesse proche du tissu original. Les données de la littérature suggèrent que le retard de cicatrisation des personnes diabétiques résulterait de la chronicité de la phase inflammatoire. Notre hypothèse de travail a été de démontrer que cette dérégulation était la conséquence d'un défaut majeur de la phase de résolution de l'inflammation. Notre objectif final a été d'agir sur cette phase pour accélérer le processus cicatriciel. La première étape de ce travail de thèse a consisté à mettre en place un modèle de lésions cutanées par excision chez des souris diabétiques de type 2 (en régime hyper lipidique ou déficientes pour le récepteur de la leptine, db/db). Ce modèle expérimental, combiné à la mise au point d'un dispositif médical innovant nous a permis (i) de recueillir stérilement les cellules et l'exsudat produit au niveau de la lésion cutanée, (ii) d'évaluer les caractéristiques phénotypiques et fonctionnelles des cellules de l'exsudat et (iii) d'évaluer le taux des médiateurs pro- et anti-inflammatoires au cours du temps. L'ensemble de ce travail a pu être réalisé en préservant l'environnement du tissu cicatriciel. Cette première étape a débouché sur le dépôt de 2 brevets en décembre 2011 (FR 2984719 - FR 2984722) suivi de leur extension Européenne l'année suivante. Cette approche expérimentale nous a permis de démontrer que la dérégulation du processus cicatriciel de souris diabétiques de type II était due, à une forte infiltration au niveau de la lésion de polynucléaires neutrophiles, de macrophages inflammatoires M1 et à un défaut d'afflux de macrophages anti-inflammatoires M2. Tout cela était associé à un défaut d'apoptose des cellules inflammatoires et de leur efférocytose. Ces dérégulations signent un défaut de résolution de l'inflammation que nous avons pu valider par la mise en évidence au niveau de l'exsudat inflammatoire et du tissu cicatriciel d'un excès de leucotriène B4 (LTB4) (métabolite de l'acide arachidonique pro-inflammatoire provenant de la voie de la 5-lipoxygénase) au dépend de la lipoxine A4 (LXA4) (métabolite de l'acide arachidonique anti-inflammatoire produit par les voies des 5-LOX et 12/15-LOX). Ces résultats acquis, nous nous sommes attachés à cibler, par une approche pharmacologique originale, la phase de résolution de l'inflammation pour favoriser la fermeture des plaies des souris diabétiques

Mechanisms of macrophage polarization deregulation and inflammation resolution during the cutaneous wound healing process in type 2 diabetic mice : restoration by tropical application of aspirin

Le diabète non insulino-dépendant de type 2 demeure un problème majeur de santé publique. Cette pathologie associée au vieillissement, à la sédentarisation et à l'obésité induit un taux élevé de complications. Parmi celles-ci, le défaut de cicatrisation et plus particulièrement le syndrome du " pied diabétique " est une des causes majeures de morbidité et de mortalité chez les patients diabétiques. La compréhension de la dérégulation des mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires du processus cicatriciel chez le diabétique représente un enjeu essentiel pour le développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. C'est dans ce contexte que ce travail de thèse a été réalisé. La cicatrisation des plaies est un processus physiopathologique complexe, multifactoriel et dynamique visant à rétablir l'intégrité et la fonctionnalité des tissus lésés. Cette réponse biologique nécessite une orchestration et une communication précise entre les cellules inflammatoires infiltrées et les différentes populations cellulaires des tissus. De manière conventionnelle, on distingue 4 principales phases qui peuvent se chevaucher : une première étape d'hémostase généralement couplée à une phase inflammatoire précoce et arrêtée par une phase de résolution de l'inflammation. Une période de prolifération/ régénération permet la génération du nouveau tissu, et enfin, la phase de remodelage tissulaire permet au tissu de retrouver des caractéristiques d'élasticité et de souplesse proche du tissu original. Les données de la littérature suggèrent que le retard de cicatrisation des personnes diabétiques résulterait de la chronicité de la phase inflammatoire. Notre hypothèse de travail a été de démontrer que cette dérégulation était la conséquence d'un défaut majeur de la phase de résolution de l'inflammation. Notre objectif final a été d'agir sur cette phase pour accélérer le processus cicatriciel. La première étape de ce travail de thèse a consisté à mettre en place un modèle de lésions cutanées par excision chez des souris diabétiques de type 2 (en régime hyper lipidique ou déficientes pour le récepteur de la leptine, db/db). Ce modèle expérimental, combiné à la mise au point d'un dispositif médical innovant nous a permis (i) de recueillir stérilement les cellules et l'exsudat produit au niveau de la lésion cutanée, (ii) d'évaluer les caractéristiques phénotypiques et fonctionnelles des cellules de l'exsudat et (iii) d'évaluer le taux des médiateurs pro- et anti-inflammatoires au cours du temps. L'ensemble de ce travail a pu être réalisé en préservant l'environnement du tissu cicatriciel. Cette première étape a débouché sur le dépôt de 2 brevets en décembre 2011 (FR 2984719 - FR 2984722) suivi de leur extension Européenne l'année suivante. Cette approche expérimentale nous a permis de démontrer que la dérégulation du processus cicatriciel de souris diabétiques de type II était due, à une forte infiltration au niveau de la lésion de polynucléaires neutrophiles, de macrophages inflammatoires M1 et à un défaut d'afflux de macrophages anti-inflammatoires M2. Tout cela était associé à un défaut d'apoptose des cellules inflammatoires et de leur efférocytose. Ces dérégulations signent un défaut de résolution de l'inflammation que nous avons pu valider par la mise en évidence au niveau de l'exsudat inflammatoire et du tissu cicatriciel d'un excès de leucotriène B4 (LTB4) (métabolite de l'acide arachidonique pro-inflammatoire provenant de la voie de la 5-lipoxygénase) au dépend de la lipoxine A4 (LXA4) (métabolite de l'acide arachidonique anti-inflammatoire produit par les voies des 5-LOX et 12/15-LOX). Ces résultats acquis, nous nous sommes attachés à cibler, par une approche pharmacologique originale, la phase de résolution de l'inflammation pour favoriser la fermeture des plaies des souris diabétiques.Non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes is a major public health problem due to its prevalence and the high rate of its degenerative complications. Among these problems, healing disorders and more particularly "diabetic foot" ulcers are one of the leading cause of morbidity and mortality of diabetic patients. The understanding of the deregulation of cellular and molecular mechanisms of the wound healing process in diabetic patients is a key issue for the development of new therapeutic strategies. This work was carried out in this context. Wound healing is a physiological multifactorial and dynamic process aiming to the restoration of the integrity and functionality of injured tissue. This complex biological response requires an orchestration and a precise communication between immuno-inflammatory cells and resident cells in the wound tissue. This process can be divided into four distinct but overlapping phases: an inflammatory phase involving the initial stage of hemostasis arrested by a resolution phase of inflammation; a proliferative/regeneration stage and finally a tissue remodeling phase. Data from the literature suggest that the delayed healing in diabetic patient is principally due to chronic inflammation. Our hypothesis was to demonstrate that deregulation was the result of a major impairment of the resolution phase of inflammation. Our ultimate aim was to influence this phase to accelerate the healing process in diabetic mice. The first step of this study was to develop a new cutaneous excisional wound model in type 2 diabetic mice (in High Fat Diet or leptin receptor deficiency mice db/db). Associated with the development of an innovative device, this model allowed us (i) to treat the wound and follow the wound healing evolution (ii), to collect in aseptically condition and over time the secreted exudate, (ii) to evaluate the phenotypic and functional characteristics of exudate cells and to measure the amount of pro-and anti -inflammatory mediators. This first step leads to the publication of two patent applications (filed in December 2011 and published under the references FR 2984719 and FR 2984722). Our experimental approach demonstrate that the impaired wound healing process in type 2 diabetic mice was due to a strong neutrophil and inflammatory macrophage M1 infiltration, and a lack of influx of anti-inflammatory macrophages M2. All this is associated with a failure in the inflammatory cells apoptosis and efferocytosis. These dysregulations sign a default of resolution of inflammation that we have quantified by the measure of excessive leukotriene (LT) B4, (a proinflammatory arachidonic acid (AA) metabolite from the 5-lipoxygenase pathway) in both exudate and scar tissue, at the expense of the lipoxin (LX) A4 (an anti-inflammatory AA metabolite formed from LTA4 by 12/15-LOX). With an original pharmacological approach, we target the resolution of the inflammatory phase to promote wound closure in diabetic mice. For this we have decided to use topical application of acetylsalicylic acid on the wound (AAS-aspirin), 3 days after the establishment of the skin lesion. We demonstrate that aspirin accelerates wound closure in diabetic mice

Element pattern analysis of wide-band arrays with the help of a finite-by-infinite array approach

Strong couplings characterizing wide-band arrays lead to a wide variation of the active element patterns in finite arrays. We show how finite-by-infinite array simulation results and infinite-array solutions can be combined to estimate the element patterns in arrays finite in both directions. The accuracy of the method is discussed for the case of dual-polarized arrays of tapered-slot antennas, with electrically interconnected elements. For elements located in the array corners, a second correction procedure, based on results obtained for small arrays, is presented

Method of moments simulation of infinitely periodic structures combining metal with connected dielectric objects

A method of moments (MoM) technique is described for the simulation of infinitely periodic structures made of complex elements, involving both metal and dielectric parts. A numerical approach based on the MoM was developed, using the EFIE formulation for metallic objects and a modified PMCHWT formulation for the air-dielectric interfaces. The method is also based on an efficient algorithm for the computation of the singly and doubly periodic Green's functions and their gradients. The use of such functions for both inside and outside problems enables the analysis of structures where the dielectric volumes of successive cells are connected. The accuracy of the MoM approach is assessed in several cases, based on energy conservation checks and on comparisons with analytical models and data available in the literature. Examples are shown for arrays of disconnected and connected dielectric objects, dielectric electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) superstrates and dielectric slabs. Examples with metallic parts embedded in connected dielectric material are given in the case of frequency selective surfaces (FSS) and tapered-slot antennas

Efficient full-wave characterization of arrays of antennas embedded in finite dielectric volumes

This paper shows how the Macro Basis Functions (MBFs) approach can be applied to the solution of arrays of complex elements, made of metallic parts embedded in disconnected dielectric volumes. It is shown how the reduced system of equations can be obtained very efficiently with the help of a multipole approach. We also provide a subsequent formulation for the array impedance matrix and a fast method for the computation of embedded element patterns, with the help of a decomposition into a finite series of pattern multiplication problems, for which the fast Fourier transform can be exploited. Examples are provided for arrays of tapered slot antennas in separate dielectric boards. Comparisons are provided with brute-force solutions for a 4 x 4 array and increasing number of MBFs, and with the infinite-array solution for a 16 x 16 array. An appendix provides new insight into the problem of completeness of the MBFs bases by establishing a link between the MBF approach and Krylov subspaces