The Markgraf Karl Refutation Procedure PLL: a First-Order Language for an Automated Theorem Prover

The PREDICATE LOGIC LANGUAGE (PLL), a formal language in which first-order predicate logic formulas are formulated, is described. In PLL axioms and theorems are represented which are given to the MARKGRAF KARL REFUTATION PROCEDURE. Certain expressions of PLL which reflect the special facilities of this system are exhibited, viz. - an inference mechanism based on a many-sorted calculus, - the incorporation of special axioms into the inference mechanism, and - the control of the inference mechanism using special derivation strategies

A many-sorted calculus based on resolution and paramodulation

The first-order calculus whose well formed formulas are clauses and whose sole inference rules are factorization, resolution and paramodulation is extended to a many-sorted calculus. As a basis for Automated Theorem Proving, this many-sorted calculus leads to a remarkable reduction of the search space and also to simpler proofs. Soundness and completeness of the new calculus and the Sort-Theorem, which relates the many-sorted calculus to its one-sorted counterpart, are shown. In addition results about term rewriting and unification in a many-sorted calculus are obtained. The practical consequences for an implementation of an automated theorem prover based on the many-sorted calculus are described

Ein mehrsortiger Resolutionskalkül mit Paramodulation

Der Resolutionskalkül mit Paramodulationsregel wird zu einem mehrsortigen Kalkül erweitert. Als Grundlage für das automatische Beweisen erhält man mit diesem Kalkül einen stark reduzierten Suchraum und einfachere Beweise. Die Vollständigkeit, die Korrektheit und der Sortensatz, der den neuen Kalkül mit seinem einsortigen Gegenstück in Beziehung setzt, werden bewiesen. Ergebnisse über Grundtermersetzungen und Unifikation in einem mehrsortigen Kalkül werden vorgestellt. Die Implementierung eines automatischen Beweisers für den neuen Kalkül wird beschrieben. Die Vorteile der Methode werden anhand ausgewählter Beispiele belegt.The resolution calculus with paramodulationrule is extended to a many-sorted calculus. As a basis for Automated Theorem Proving, this many-sorted calculus leads to a remarkable reduction of the search space and also to simpler proofs. Soundness and completeness of the new calculus and the Sort-Theorem, which relates the many-sorted calculus to its one-sorted counterpart, are shown. In addition results about groundterm rewriting and unification in a many-sorted calculus are obtained. The practical consequences for an implementation of an automated theorem prover based on the many-sorted calculus are described. The advantages of the proposed method is verified by certain examples

Gender Differences in Attachment Anxiety and Avoidance and Their Association with Psychotherapy Use—Examining Students from a German University

Attachment anxiety and avoidance might explain gender differences in psychotherapy use, which is generally lower in men. In addition, university students are a particularly vulnerable group for mental health problems, and understanding psychotherapy use, especially among mentally distressed male students, is pivotal. A total of 4894 students completed an online survey answering questions regarding psychotherapy use and completing the PHQ-D identifying psychological syndromes. In addition, the ECR-RD12 was used to measure attachment anxiety and avoidance. Significant gender differences for attachment anxiety and avoidance emerged, showing higher attachment anxiety in female students and higher attachment avoidance in male students. Male students used psychotherapy significantly less than female students. Male students’ attachment anxiety and avoidance predicted psychotherapy use, while for female students, only attachment anxiety emerged as a significant predictor. Attachment anxiety is positively associated with psychotherapy use, and lower attachment anxiety in men may explain lower psychotherapy use in male students

Terahertz LC Microcavities: From Quantum Cascade Lasers to Ultrastrong Light-Matter Coupling

We review research on the physics of intersubband transitions in the THz range in a sub wavelength microcavity environment. Laser action was achieved at 1.5 THz by inserting quantum cascade gain material between the capacitor plates of a new resonant LC cavity, achieving a normalized mode volume ratio of only $V_{eff}/(\lambda /2n)^{3}=0.12$ of the cavity mode $V_{eff}$ and the normalized optical volume $(\lambda /2n)^{3}$ . By using the same cavity as the constituting meta-atom of a THz metamaterial, strong and ultra strong light matter coupling was observed up to room temperature. Finally, the same metamaterial coupled to parabolic semiconductor quantum wells was investigated in the regime of electrical in-plane pumping, showing THz emission in the ultra strong coupling regim

Bundesverkehrswegeplanung

Mit dem Bundesverkehrswegeplan dokumentiert die Bundesregierung ihre Investitionsabsichten in die Verkehrsinfrastruktur. Hierfür werden Prognosen zur Verkehrsentwicklung erstellt, auf deren Grundlage der Erhaltungsbedarf festgestellt sowie mögliche Neu- und Ausbauprojekte gesamtwirtschaftlich bewertet werden

Caesareae Universitati Litterarum Dorpatensi solemnia semi-saecularia Academiae sub auspiciis et celsissima tutela divi Aleksandri et Nicolai augustissim. imperatorum et autocratorum omnium russiarum per decem lustra florentis, die inaugurationis, d. 12. m. Decembris a. MDCCCLII. rite concelebranti carmine Sapphico gratulabundus pia vota fundit Dr. Ch. Fr. Walther

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