Equipamento inderbitzen modificado para simulação da erosão hídrica em amostras de solo indeformado

Several devices have been developed to assess soil losses by water erosion. However, they rarely assess the combined effects of raindrop impact and surface runoff together with vegetation cover on varying slopes. This study aimed to design and validate an equipment, on laboratory scale, to evaluate the effect of water erosion on undisturbed soil samples with and without plant cover, as well as to assess the kinetic energy of simulated rain and the resultant shear stress at varying runoff intensities. The equipment is composed of a rainfall simulator, an adjustable stand for different slopes and falling heights, and a runoff ramp for testing undisturbed soil samples measuring 15 x 20 x 40 cm (height, width, and length). In this study, the equipment simulated and evaluated the effect of precipitation and runoff on soil losses, allowing to obtain different values of the kinetic energy of precipitation and runoff. For a f low rate of 12 L min-1 and slope of 35%, the shear stress could reach up to 8 Pa. Furthermore, the equipment showed the effect of vegetation cover and slope on soil losses in different granulometric fractions (< 0.106 mm, 0.106 to 0.25 mm, 0.25 to 0.5 mm, 0.5 to 1.0 mm, 1.0 to 2.0 mm, and > 2.0 mm), revealing the potential of its use in several erosion studies on a laboratory scale.Diversos equipamentos foram desenvolvidos para a avaliação das perdas de solo por erosão hídrica. No entanto, raramente eles avaliam o efeito do impacto das gotas de chuva e do escoamento superficial em conjunto com a cobertura vegetal em diferentes declividades. Este estudo objetivou projetar e validar um equipamento, em escala de laboratório, para avaliar o efeito da erosão hídrica em amostras indeformadas de solo, bem como avaliar a velocidade de queda e tamanho das gotas de chuva simulada na superfície do solo e a intensidade do escoamento superficial em amostras com e sem cobertura vegetal. O equipamento é composto de um simulador de chuva, um suporte ajustável para diferentes declividades e alturas de queda e uma rampa de escoamento para testar amostras de solo indeformadas, com 15 x 20 x 40 cm (altura, largura e comprimento). Neste estudo, o equipamento simulou e avaliou o efeito da precipitação e do escoamento superficial nas perdas de solo, possibilitando a obtenção de diferentes valores de energia cinética de precipitação e escoamento. Para uma vazão de 12 L min-1 e inclinação de 35%, a tensão de cisalhamento pode chegar a 8 Pa. Além disso, o equipamento evidenciou o efeito da cobertura vegetal e da declividade nas perdas de solo em diferentes frações granulométricas (< 0,106 mm, 0,106 a 0,25 mm, 0,25 a 0,5 mm, 0,5 a 1,0 mm, 1,0 a 2,0 mm, e > 2,0 mm), demonstrando o potencial do seu uso em diversos estudos de erosão em escala de laboratório

Solos em topossequência de veredas das chapadas do Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha, MG: I - caracterização e classificação

In the upper Jequitinhonha valley, state of Minas Gerais, Brazi, there are large plane areas known as chapadas, which are separated by areas dissected by tributaries of the Jequitinhonha and Araçuaí rivers. These dissected areas have a surface drainage system with tree, shrub, and grass vegetation, more commonly known as veredas, i.e., palm swamps. The main purpose of this study was to characterize soil physical, chemical and morphological properties of a representative toposequence in the watershed of the Vereda Lagoa do Leandro, a swamp near Minas Novas, MG, on chapadas, the highlands of the Alto Jequitinhonha region Different soil types are observed in the landscape: at the top - Typic Haplustox (LVA), in the middle slope - Xanthic Haplustox (LA), at the footslope - Xanthic Haplustox, gray color, here called Gray Haplustox (LAC) and, at the bottom of the palm swamp - Typic Albaquult (GXbd). These soils were first morphologically described; samples of disturbed and undisturbed soils were collected from all horizons and subhorizons, to evaluate their essential physical and chemical properties, by means of standard determination of Fe, Al, Mn, Ti and Si oxides after sulfuric extraction. The contents of Fe, Al and Mn, extracted with dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate and oxalate treatments, were also determined. In the well-drained soils of the slope positions, the typical morphological, physical and chemical properties of Oxisols were found. The GXbd sample, from the bottom of the palm swamp, is grayish and has high texture gradient (B/A) and massive structure. The reduction of the proportion of crystalline iron compounds and the low crystallinity along the slope confirmed the loss of iron during pedogenesis, which is reflected in the current soil color. The Si and Al contents were lowest in the LAC soil. There was a decrease of the Fe2O3/TiO2 ratio downhill, indicating progressive drainage restriction along the toposequence. The genesis and all physical and chemical properties of the soils at the footslope and the bottom of the palm swamp of the chapadas of the Alto Jequitinhonha region are strongly influenced by the occurrence of ground water on the surface or near the surface all year long, at present and/or in the past. Total concentrations of iron oxides, Fe d and Fe o in soils of the toposequence studied are related to the past and/or present soil colors and drainage conditions.No Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha - MG ocorrem extensas áreas de relevo aplainado denominadas de chapadas, que estão separadas por áreas dissecadas pelos rios Jequitinhonha e Araçuaí e seus afluentes. Nessas áreas dissecadas é encontrado um sistema de drenagem superficial com vegetação arbóreo-arbustiva e gramíneas, comumente denominado de vereda. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar física, química e morfologicamente os solos de uma topossequência da microbacia da Vereda Lagoa do Leandro, representativa das veredas das chapadas do Alto Jequitinhonha, localizada no município de Minas Novas - MG. Os solos estudados ocupam as seguintes posições na vertente: topo - Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo (LVA); terço médio da vertente - Latossolo Amarelo (LA); sopé - Latossolo Amarelo, de cor cinzenta, aqui denominado Latossolo Acinzentado (LAC); e base da vereda - Gleissolo Háplico (GXbd). Esses solos foram descritos morfologicamente e foram coletadas amostras deformadas e indeformadas em todos os horizontes e sub-horizontes para realização das análises físicas e químicas de rotina, determinação de óxidos de Fe, Al, Mn, Ti e Si após extração por ataque sulfúrico e determinação dos teores de Fe, Al e Mn extraídos por ditionito-citrato-bicarbonato e oxalato. Os solos das posições bem drenadas da vertente apresentaram atributos morfológicos, físicos e químicos típicos da ordem dos Latossolos. Na base da vereda encontra-se o GXbd, que apresenta cores acinzentadas, elevado gradiente textural B/A e estrutura maciça. A diminuição do teor de Fe cristalino e de baixa cristalinidade ao longo da vertente confirmou a perda de Fe durante o processo de pedogênese e refletiu na cor dos solos. Os teores de Si e Al foram mais baixos no LAC. Verificou-se diminuição da relação Fe2O3/TiO2 vertente abaixo, indicando impedimentos à drenagem ao longo da topossequência. A gênese e os atributos dos solos do sopé e da base das veredas das chapadas do Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha - MG são fortemente influenciados pela presença do nível freático na superfície ou próximo à superfície o ano todo, no presente e, ou, no passado. Os teores totais de óxidos de Fe, Fe o e Fe d dos solos da topossequência estudada estão relacionados com as cores dos solos e com condições de drenagem presentes e,ou, pretéritas

Does physical activity moderate the association between device-measured sedentary time patterns and depressive symptoms in adults?

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between sedentary time (ST) patterns and depressive symptoms, and whether moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) can moderate this association. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included a representative sample of 243 adults (mean age 41.8616.7 years, 56.4% women) from a city in Southeast Brazil. Depressive symptoms were estimated through the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). ST patterns (i.e., number of breaks, mean length of sedentary bouts, and number of long sedentary bouts), total ST, and MVPA were assessed using accelerometers. RESULTS: Poisson regression models revealed associations of total ST (b = 0.063; 95%CI 0.011 to 0.116) and number of long bouts (0.108; 0.047 to 0.171) with depressive symptoms among men. MVPA moderated the associations of breaks and longer bouts of ST with depressive symptoms, with an increase of one break/hour, the increase of one long bout, and a decrease of 1 minute in mean bout length being associated with a reduction of 0.211 and increases of 0.081 and 0.166, respectively, in the number of depressive symptoms among men with physical inactivity (breaks =-0.211;-0.360 to-0.063; mean bout length = 0.081; 0.003 to 0.158; number of long bouts = 0.166; 0.090 to 0.242). CONCLUSIONS: Interventions that encourage breaking up ST should be helpful to reduce depressive symptoms among people with physical inactivity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03986879)

Genesis and evolution of the peatlands in geomorphic surfaces of Serra do Espinhaço Meridional – MG

`The Serra do Espinhaco -SdEM has predominantly quartzite lithologies and is characterized by diff er altitudes and dissected areas intermingled the planning surfaces, where, in the depressions occur peatlands. These planation surfaces are the result of a succession of denudation and depositional events compartmentalized relief along the geodynamic evolution of the ridge. The aim of this study was to map the peatlands of the northern part of the ridge and discuss the genesis and evolution of pedoenvironments the geomorphic surfaces of the SdEM. The determination of the area and mapping of peatland was conducted through field work, images and aerial photographs analysis. Sampling was carried out in eight peatlands in the northern portion of SdEM. Samples for dating and characterization of the photosynthetic cycle were collected with the help of vibracoring at diff erent depths, depending on local attributes, for determining the carbon isotope (delta 13C and 14C). The northern portion of SdEM occupies an area of 1,180,109.00 ha, which were mapped 14,287.55 ha of peatlands, which represents 1.2% of the total area. In peatlands dominated the stages of advanced decomposition (sapric), followed by intermediate (hemic). Four levels of geomorphical surfaces were identifi ed throughout the length of SdEM: Surface I (S1), Surface II (S2), Surface III (S3) and Surface IV (S4). Considering the altimetry as the main factor, the S1 was cronocorrelated with Post-Gondwana Surface and S2 cronocorrelated with the South American Surface. The Surface III (S3) had correspondence with the South American Surface I and Surface IV (S4), in turn, with the South American Surface II. Most peatlands developed in Quaternary between the Pleistocene and Holocene, formed on Post-Gondwana Surface (S1) and in the South American Surface (S2) in altimetric levels ranging between 1,100-1,400 meters. The predominance of plants with photosynthetic cycles CAM and C3 showed colonization of SdEM by species such as bromeliads, cacti and some euphorbiaceae typical of rupestrian fi elds and trees and shrubs along the PleistoceneHolocene transition, refl ections of local and regional environmental changes occurred in the Quaternary, possibly associated with paleoclimates.A Serra do Espinhaço Meridional – SdEM possui litologias predominantemente quartzíticas e é caracterizada por apresentar áreas dissecadas entremeadas a superfícies de aplainamento em diferentes altitudes, onde, nas depressões, ocorrem as turfeiras. Essas1816579FAPEMIG - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE MINAS GERAISsem informação`The Serra do Espinhaco -SdEM has predominantly quartzite lithologies and is characterized by diff er altitudes and dissected areas intermingled the planning surfaces, where, in the depressions occur peatlands. These planation surfaces are the result of aOs autores agradecem à FAPEMIG, à UFVJM, à ESALQ-USP e ao IFSULDEMINAS pelo apoio, fundamental na consolidação dessa pesquis

Is the algorithm used to process heart rate variability data clinically relevant? Analysis in male adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether the algorithm used for the heart rate variability assessment (fast Fourier transform versus autoregressive methods) influenced its association with cardiovascular risk factors in male adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 1,152 male adolescents (aged 14 to 19 years). The low frequency, high frequency components (absolute numbers and normalized units), low frequency/high frequency ratio, and total power of heart rate variability parameters were obtained using the fast Fourier transform and autoregressive methods, while the adolescents were resting in a supine position. RESULTS: All heart rate variability parameters calculated from both methods were different (p<0.05). However, a low effect size (<0.1) was found for all parameters. The intra-class correlation between methods ranged from 0.96 to 0.99, whereas the variation coefficient ranged from 7.4 to 14.8%. Furthermore, waist circumference was negatively associated with high frequency, and positively associated with low frequency and sympatovagal balance (p<0.001 for both fast Fourier transform and autoregressive methods in all associations). Systolic blood pressure was negatively associated with total power and high frequency, whereas it was positively associated with low frequency and sympatovagal balance (p<0.001 for both fast Fourier transform and autoregressive methods in all associations). Body mass index was negatively associated with high frequency, while it was positively associated with low frequency and sympatovagal balance (p values ranged from <0.001 to 0.007). CONCLUSION: There are significant differences in heart rate variability parameters obtained with the fast Fourier transform and autoregressive methods in male adolescent; however, these differences are not clinically significant. OBJETIVO: Analisar se o algoritmo usado para avaliação da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (transformada rápida de Fourier versus autoregressivo) influencia em sua associação com fatores de risco cardiovascular adolescentes do gênero masculino. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, que incluiu 1.152 adolescentes do gênero masculino (14 a 19 anos). Componentes de baixa e alta frequência (absolutos e unidades normalizadas), razão componente de baixa frequência/componente de alta frequência e poder total da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca foram obtidos em repouso, na posição supina, usando os métodos transformada rápida de Fourier e autorregressivo. RESULTADOS: Todos os parâmetros da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca para ambos os métodos foram diferentes (p<0,05). Entretanto, um pequeno tamanho do efeito (<0,1) foi observado para todos os parâmetros. Os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse entre os métodos variaram de 0,96 a 0,99, enquanto os coeficientes de variação foram de 7,4 a 14,8%. A circunferência abdominal foi negativamente associada com o componente de alta frequência, e positivamente associada com o componente de baixa frequência e o balanço simpatovagal (p<0,001 para a transformada rápida de Fourier e o autorregressivo em todas as associações). A pressão arterial sistólica foi negativamente associada com o poder total e o componente de alta frequência, enquanto foi positivamente associada com o componente de baixa frequência e o balanço simpatovagal (p<0,001 para a transformada rápida de Fourier e o autorregressivo em todas as associações). O índice de massa corporal foi negativamente associado com o componente de alta frequência, enquanto foi positivamente associado com o componente de baixa frequência e o balanço simpatovagal (valores de p variando de <0,001 a 0,007). CONCLUSÃO: Houve diferenças significantes nos parâmetros da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca obtidos com os métodos transformada rápida de Fourier e autorregressivo em adolescentes masculinos, mas essas diferenças não foram clinicamente significativas

Chapadas do Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha, MG: II - mineralogia, micromorfologia e evolução da paisagem

Palm swanp formations, the so-called veredas, typically occur in the Brazilian biome known as Cerrado (savanna-like vegetation), especially on flattened areas or tablelands (chapadas). The aim of this study was to characterize the mineralogy and micromorphology of soil materials from a representative toposequence of the watershed of the vereda Lagoa do Leandro, located in Minas Novas, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, on plains in the region of the upper Jequitinhonha valley, emphasizing essential aspects of their genesis and landscape evolution. The toposequence is underlain by rocks of the Macaúbas group and covered with detrital and metamorphic rocks (schists of Proterozoic diamictites). The soil profiles were first pedologically described; samples of the disturbed and undisturbed soils were collected from all horizons for further micromorphological and mineralogical analyses. The mineralogical analysis was mainly based on powder X ray diffractometry (XRD) and micromorphological descriptions of thin sections under a petrographic microscope. The soils from the bottom to the top of this toposequence were classified as: Typic Albaquult (GXbd), Xanthic Haplustox, gray color, here called Gray Haplustox (LAC), Xanthic Haplustox (LA) and Typic Haplustox (LVA). The clay mineralogy of all soils was found to be dominated by kaolinite. In soil of LA and LVA, the occurrence of goethite, gibbsite, and anatase was evidenced; LAC also contained anatase and the GXbd, illite, anatase, and traces of vermiculite. The micromorphological analyses of the LVA, LA and LAC soils showed the prevalence of a microaggregate-like or granular microstructure, and aggregate porosity has a stacked/packed structure, which is typical of Oxisols. A massive structure was observed in GXbd material, with the presence of illuviation cutans of clay minerals and iron compounds. Paleogleissolos, which are strongly weathered, due to the action of the excavating fauna , and resulted in the present LAC. The GXbd at the base of the vereda preserved the physical, mineralogical and micromorphological properties that are typical of a pedogenesis with a strong influence of long dry periods.As veredas são formações típicas que ocorrem no Cerrado brasileiro, principalmente nas áreas aplainadas denominadas chapadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar mineralógica e micromorfologicamente os solos de uma topossequência representativa da microbacia da Vereda Lagoa do Leandro, localizada no município de Minas Novas - MG, situada nas chapadas do Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha, enfatizando aspectos de suas gêneses e da evolução da paisagem. A topossequência está embasada em rochas do Grupo Macaúbas, com cobertura detrítica e rochas metamórficas (xistos diamictitos do Proterozoico). Os solos foram descritos em trincheiras, e amostras deformadas e indeformadas foram coletadas em todos os horizontes, para análises mineralógicas e micromorfológicas. As análises mineralógicas da fração argila foram determinadas pela técnica de difração de raios X (DRX), e as micromorfológicas, por descrições de lâminas delgadas em microscópio petrográfico. Os solos caracterizados da base da vereda para o topo foram Gleissolo Háplico (GXbd), Latossolo Amarelo, de cor cinzenta, aqui denominado Latossolo Acinzentado (LAC), Latossolo Amarelo (LA) e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA). A mineralogia da fração argila em todos os solos é dominada pela caulinita. Nos LVA e LA foram identificadas goethita, gibbsita e anatásio; no LAC, anatásio; e no GXbd, ilita, anatásio e traços de vermiculita. A micromorfologia do LVA, LA e LAC é dominada pela microestrutura do tipo granular ou microagregados e porosidade do tipo empilhamento/empacotamento, típicos de Latossolos. No GXbd predomina a estrutura maciça, com a presença de cutãs de iluviação e ferri-argilãs. Paleogleissolos foram latolizados pela ação da fauna escavadora e deram origem aos atuais LAC. Os GXbd da base da vereda preservaram atributos físicos, mineralógicos e micromorfológicos que tiveram suas gêneses em períodos secos

Tratamento de dados censurados em estudos ambientais

Due to the inherent limitations of the analytical methods of measurement, environmental exposure data often present observations described as below a certain detection limit, also called left-censored data. Censored data directly interferes in almost all types of statistical analyzes, including descriptive parameters, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, correlations and regressions. In this work, we investigated the performance of the main classes of methods from major publications available in the literature, considering their advantages and limitations. Some criteria for selecting the best method of dealing with censored data are presented

Soil and water losses in eucalyptus plantation and natural forest and determination of the USLE factors at a pilot sub-basin in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Monitoring water erosion and the factors that control soil and water loss are essential for soil conservation planning. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil and water losses by water erosion under natural rainfall in eucalyptus plantations established in 2001 (EF2), and 2004 (EF1), native forest (NF) and bare soil (BS), during the period of 2007 to 2012; and to determine the USLE factors: rain erosivity (R), erodibility (K) of a Red Argisol and the cover-management factor (C) for EF1, EF2 and NF at a pilot sub-basin, in Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil. The R factor was estimated by the EI30 index, using rainfall data from a gauging station located at the sub-basin. The soil and water losses were monitored in erosion plots, providing consistent data for the estimation of the K and C factors. The sub-basin presented an average erosivity of 4,228.52 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 yr-1. The average annual soil losses em EF1 and EF2 (0.81 e 0.12 Mg ha-1 year-1, respectively) were below of the limit of tolerance, 12.9 Mg ha-1 year-1. The percentage values of water loss relating to the total rainfall decreased annually, approaching the values observed at the NF. From the 5th year on after the implantation of the eucalyptus systems, soil losses values were similar to the ones from NF. The erodibility of the Red Argisol was of 0.0026 Mg ha h ha-1 MJ-1mm-1 and the C factor presented values of 0.121, 0.016 and 0.015 for EF1, EF2 and NF, respectively

Fatores de risco associados ao excesso de peso entre adolescentes da Região Oeste Paulista

The objective of this study was to analyze the association between being overweight and family risk factors in adolescents from Western Sao Paulo state. This cross-sectional study involved 1779 adolescents of both genders and with ages ranging between 11 and 17 years. The participants' body mass index was calculated, and the family risk factors were analyzed through a questionnaire. Excessive weight was associated with the male gender (CR=1.55 [1.22-1.97]), studying in a private school (CR=2.14 [1.56-2.94]) and mother's higher education (CR=0.52 [0.33-0.83]). There is a need to implement initiatives to fight obesity in the school environment and reach the whole family structure, taking gender-related specificities into consideration.Analizar la asociación entre exceso de peso y diferentes factores de riesgo familiares en adolescentes de la región oeste del estado de São Paulo. Estudio transversal con 1779 adolescentes de ambos sexos, y edad comprendida entre 11 y 17 años. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal; los factores de riesgo familiares fueron analizados por medio de cuestionario. El exceso de peso fue asociado con: sexo masculino (RC=1,55 [1,22-1,97]), estudiar en escuela particular (RC=2,14 [1,56-2,94]), y mayor escolaridad materna (RC=0,52 [0,33-0,83]). Iniciativas de combate a la obesidad deben ser instauradas en el medio escolar y alcanzar a toda la estructura familiar, así como llevar en consideración particularidades provenientes del sexo.Analisar a associação entre excesso de peso e diferentes fatores de risco familiares em adolescentes da região oeste do estado de São Paulo. Estudo transversal com 1779 adolescentes de ambos os sexos, e idade compreendida entre 11 e 17 anos. Calculou-se o índice de massa corporal e os fatores de risco familiares foram analisados por meio de questionário. O excesso de peso foi associado com o sexo masculino (RC=1,55 [1,22-1,97]), estudar em escola particular (RC=2,14 [1,56-2,94]) e maior escolaridade materna (RC=0,52 [0,33-0,83]). Iniciativas de combate à obesidade devem ser instauradas em meio escolar e atingir toda a estrutura familiar, bem como levar em consideração particularidades decorrentes do sexo