The prevalence and impact of child maltreatment and other types of victimization in the UK: Findings from a population survey of caregivers, children and young people and young adults

Objectives: To measure the prevalence of maltreatment and other types of victimization among children , young people and young adults in the UK; to explore the risks of other types of victimization among maltreated children and young people at different ages; using standardised scores from self-report measures, to assess the emotional wellbeing of maltreated children, young people and young adults taking into account other types of childhood victimization, different perpetrators, non–victimization adversities and variables known to influence mental health. Methods: A random UK representative sample of 2,160 parents and caregivers, 2,275 children and young people and 1,761 young adults completed computer-assisted self-interviews. Interviews included assessment of a wide range of childhood victimization experiences and measures of impact on mental health. Results: 2.5% of children aged under 11 years, 6% of children and young people aged 11 to 17 years had one or more experiences of physical, sexual or emotional abuse, or neglect by a parent or caregiver in the past year and 8.9% of children under 11 years, 21.9% of young people aged 11 to 17 years and 24.5% of young adults had experienced this at least once during childhood. High rates of sexual victimization were found, 7.2% of females aged 11 to 17 and 18.6% of females aged 18 to 24 reporting childhood experiences of sexual victimization by any adult or peer that involved physical contact (from rape to sexual touching). Victimization experiences accumulated with age and overlapped. Children who experienced maltreatment from a parent or caregiver were more likely than those not maltreated to be exposed to other forms of victimization, to experience non-victimization adversity, a high level of polyvictimization and to have higher levels of trauma symptoms. Conclusions: The past year maltreatment rates for children under age 18 were seven to seventeen times greater than official rates of substantiated child maltreatment in the UK. Professionals working with children and young people in all settings should be alert to the overlapping and age related differences in experiences of childhood victimization to better identify child maltreatment and prevent the accumulative impact of different victimizations upon children’s mental health

Student and Teacher Relationships At Secondary Level

Interpersonal relationships between teachers and students built within a learning context have a significant influence on the development of learners’ social and emotional life. Higher levels of engagement, attachment, and motivation are common among students who strongly connect with their teachers. This study aimed to obtain a deeper understanding of care related to student-teacher connection from students’ experience. Noddings Theory of Care believes that caring associations are ontologically essential; thus, they play a great part in the development of student’s learning process. However, care can fail to realize the expected outcomes according to Noddings’ theory if it is misinterpreted as approachability. Phenomenology research design was used to understand the experience of teachers in building relationships between teachers and students. A face-to-face interview was used to collect data from 12 participants enrolled in a teaching program. Thematic analysis was primarily used to analyze the data. NVivo 12 software program was also used to code the themes and sub-themes. Five themes emerged, including building positive interpersonal relationships with students, demonstrating interest and communicating concern, caring teachers provide academic and social goals, engaging, and going the extra-mile at both class and individual levels. Students\u27 experiences regarding care were fundamental and the bedrock of the model of care that a teacher exhibits within a classroom context. Teachers tend to display activities and features of care that are in line with Noddings’ model of care. Future studies are needed to develop, test, and validate the instruments used to assess teacher care expressions founded on Noddings’ (2013) model. Teachers’ care aspects are receptive and demonstrate conducts that display relatedness or connection with students. The description of care facets found in this study is similar and different to some extent from Noddings’ (2013) model

Gender Dependent Flashbulb Memories of Sexual vs. Emotional Infidelity

Research has suggested that males are more aroused and upset when their partner commits sexual infidelity and women are more aroused and upset when their partner commits emotional infidelity (Schutzwhol, 2005); however, most studies used forced choice questions and relied on what if\u27 scenarios, seemingly limiting their application to real-world situations (Buunk, Angleitner, Oubaid, & Buss, 1996). Assessing memory for the discovery of a partner\u27s actual infidelity provides empirical evidence to support these simulations. In the current study, participants (N= 149) were asked to recall the announcement that their partner committed infidelity. Males showed enhanced memory tor discovering sexual infidelity, whereas females showed enhanced memory for discovering emotional infidelity

High Ability Visual Artists: A National Mixed Methods Study of Secondary Art Teacher Training and Practice

This study sought to determine the confidence levels and preparation of secondary art teachers in working with students who demonstrate high ability in the visual arts. This information is vital in order to inform the art education community regarding whether or not it does, why it should, and how it can best meet the needs of all students it serves. The study utilized a mixed methods approach. Quantitative data was collected to form a descriptive statistical base. This was necessary due to a paucity of research in the demographic particulars of secondary art teachers’ measured confidence and preparedness in working with students who have high abilities in the visual arts. Qualitative data, in the form of interviews and field notes was collected in order to add depth and breadth to the research regarding these teachers. The study found that the vast majority of surveyed secondary art educators felt generally confident in their ability to work with high ability visual artists, despite a marked deficit in preservice training and professional development

Novel methods for manipulating ion types in the solution and gas phases for the structural analysis of biomolecules using Mass Spectrometry

Mass Spectrometry has become a valuable tool for the analysis of a variety of molecules, making it applicable to many fields. The advent of nanoelectrospray ionization (nESI) as a soft/low energy ionization technique has enabled the analysis of large, intact biomolecules. Most mass spectrometry experiments consist of three main steps: ionization, probe step(s), and mass analysis. The present work focuses on a variety of methods for altering ion types at various stages of the mass spectrometry experiment to affect ion fragmentation. Ion types can be manipulated in the solution/droplet phases using novel nESI emitters, generated from borosilicate theta capillaries. These nESI emitters enable the mixing of two solutions as they are sprayed into the mass spectrometer. This technique has been used to manipulate protein charge states (i.e. protein folding and unfolding) and to demonstrate peptide/protein analyte-reagent complex formation and covalent modification. This technique provides a simple and inexpensive method for manipulating ion types as the ions are generated during the electrospray process on the sub-millisecond timescale. These nESI emitters are also expanded to longer solution mixing times through the use of electroosmotic flow (EOF) between the two channels of the theta capillary prior to mass analysis. This work presents initial efforts to use theta capillaries to develop a lab-in-a-tip to provide for the manipulation of ion types on short timescales just prior to mass analysis. Additionally, ion types can be manipulated once the ions are in the gas-phase and trapped inside the mass spectrometer via ion/ion reactions. This work presents ion/ion reactions with reagents containing chromophores, which can be activated via ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) to generate radical peptide cations. Altering ion types in this way provides complementary sequence information upon collision induced dissociation (CID) when compared to CID of the even electron species. The McLuckey group is well known for work with ion/ion reactions to modify ion types and to conjugate biomolecules through covalent chemistry in the gas-phase. However, the kinetics and energetics of these reactions are not well known. This work will provide a method for measuring ion/ion reaction kinetics using dipolar DC CID (DDC-CID), which was previously developed in the McLuckey lab. Knowledge of gas-phase ion/ion reaction kinetics and energetics will provide insights for improving current ion/ion reaction efficiencies as well as for improving reagent design for future ion/ion reaction

Slip inversion along inner fore-arc faults, eastern Tohoku, Japan

The kinematics of deformation in the overriding plate of convergent margins may vary across timescales ranging from a single seismic cycle to many millions of years. In Northeast Japan, a network of active faults has accommodated contraction across the arc since the Pliocene, but several faults located along the inner fore arc experienced extensional aftershocks following the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake, opposite that predicted from the geologic record. This observation suggests that fore-arc faults may be favorable for stress triggering and slip inversion, but the geometry and deformation history of these fault systems are poorly constrained. Here we document the Neogene kinematics and subsurface geometry of three prominent fore-arc faults in Tohoku, Japan. Geologic mapping and dating of growth strata provide evidence for a 5.6–2.2 Ma initiation of Plio-Quaternary contraction along the Oritsume, Noheji, and Futaba Faults and an earlier phase of Miocene extension from 25 to 15 Ma along the Oritsume and Futaba Faults associated with the opening of the Sea of Japan. Kinematic modeling indicates that these faults have listric geometries, with ramps that dip ~40–65°W and sole into subhorizontal detachments at 6–10 km depth. These fault systems can experience both normal and thrust sense slip if they are mechanically weak relative to the surrounding crust. We suggest that the inversion history of Northeast Japan primed the fore arc with a network of weak faults mechanically and geometrically favorable for slip inversion over geologic timescales and in response to secular variations in stress state associated with the megathrust seismic cycle.Funding was provided by a grant from the National Science Foundation Tectonics Program grant EAR-0809939 to D.M.F. and E.K., Geologic Society of America Graduate Research Grants, and the P.D. Krynine Memorial Fund. The authors thank Gaku Kimura, Kyoko Tonegawa, Hiroko Watanabe, Jun Kameda, and Asuka Yamaguchi for scientific and logistical support, and Kristin Morell for comments on early versions of the manuscript. We also thank Yuzuru Yamamoto and Kohtaro Ujiie for their detailed reviews and suggestions for improvement to the manuscript. The authors acknowledge the use of the Move Software Suite granted by Midland Valley's Academic Software Initiative. Geologic, structural, stratigraphic, and chronologic data used herein are accessible in manuscript figures, and in the citations therein. Input geologic data for trishear kinematic modeling can be accessed in Table 1 and in the supporting information. (EAR-0809939 - National Science Foundation Tectonics Program grant; Geologic Society of America Graduate Research Grants; P.D. Krynine Memorial Fund

Justifying Rehabilitation Intensity Through Functional Performance Measures in Postacute Care

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has scrutinized the provision of rehabilitation services in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) for some time. Little research guidance exists on appropriate dosage or rehabilitation intensity (RI) among SNF patients or patients in other postacute care (PAC) settings. CMS developed a PAC assessment, the Continuity Assessment Record and Evaluation (CARE) Tool, in response to questions about what issues drive placement in various PAC settings under Medicare. The ability to adequately assess functional outcomes and correlate them to the RI provided by using the CARE Tool is promising. However, further research, policy advocacy, and practice analysis must be undertaken to promote and protect adequate access to occupational therapy and physical therapy in SNFs and other PAC settings. Individual practitioners must participate in data gathering to ensure that the data for analysis are fully informed by the occupational therapy perspective

Does Virtual Field Experience Deliver? An Examination into Virtual Field Experience during the Pandemic and Its Implications for Teacher Education Programs

This study attempted to examine whether academic performance of pre-service teachers (PST) in virtual field experiences was the same as that of their peers in the previous semester who had regular face-to-face field experiences. Data for this study included PST’ scores in three course sections in the Spring 2020 semester at a mid-size public university located in the Midwest of the United States where all of their field experiences were conducted virtually and compared with that of their peers in the Fall 2019 semester when all of their field experiences were conducted face-to-face. Our findings indicated that PST’s academic performance in the virtual field experiences was the same as that of their peers in the previous semester who had regular face-toface field experiences