Validierung eines Fragebogens zur Selbsteinschätzung des Parodontitisrisikos

Parodontitis und Karies zählen zu den häufigsten Infektionskrankheiten des Menschen. Hauptursächlich für die Parodontitis ist ein Zusammenspiel von pathogenen Mikroorganismen im Biofilm, verbunden mit der lokalen Immunantwort in der Mundhöhle, genetischen Faktoren und verschiedenen Umwelteinflüssen. Spätsymptome sind Zahnlockerung, Zahnschmerz und Eiteraustritt, die unbehandelt zum Zahnverlust führen können. Parodontalerkrankungen haben in den letzten Jahren in Deutschland deutlich zugenommen. Das erfordert ein größeres Augenmerk auf diese Erkrankung und deren Auslöser beziehungsweise Risikofaktoren sowie die Verbreitung in der Bevölkerung. Es scheint, dass die Parodontitis nicht nur allein durch Fokussierung auf die Verbesserung der Mundhygiene eine günstigere Prognose zeigt, wie das bei der Karies der Fall ist. Durch den längeren Erhalt der Zähne sowie eine höhere Lebenserwartung mit den eigenen Zähnen steigt auch die Gefahr der Verbreitung und Belastung der parodontalen Erkrankungen. Hinzu kommt, dass das Wissen und die Aufklärung über die Parodontitis in der Bevölkerung noch unzureichend zu sein scheint. Die tatsächliche Verbreitung der Erkrankung ist nicht eindeutig zu erfassen. Um die Parodontitisprävalenz in der Bevölkerung zu ermitteln, wurden groß angelegte Studien wie die Deutsche Mundgesundheitsstudie (DMS) oder auch die National Health Survey in den USA durchgeführt, die allerdings zeit- und kostenintensiv sind. Zukünftig könnten bevölkerungsbasierte Kontrolluntersuchungen durch Integration von kostengünstigen, validierten Maßnahmen verbessert werden. Bislang scheinen Modelle mit Selbstbewertungs-fragen vielversprechend für die Abschätzung der Parodontitisprävalenz zu sein. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein von der American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) zusammengestellter Fragebogen zur Selbsteinschätzung des parodontalen Risikos auf dessen Vorhersagefähigkeit und Gültigkeit überprüft. Durch Messung klinischer Parameter wie beispielsweise Sondierungstiefen, Attachmentlevel und Blutungsneigung, sollte die Aussagekraft eines solchen Fragebogens bezüglich des Parodontitisrisikos erfasst werden. Weiterhin wurde mittels Modified corah dental anxiety scale (MDAS Fragebogen) zur Zahnbehandlungsangst festgestellt, wie stark diese Angst unter den Befragten verbreitet ist. Außerdem wurde untersucht, ob Angstpatienten eine schlechtere Mundhygiene verbunden mit desolater Mundgesundheit sowie häufiger auftretenden parodontalen Erkrankungen zeigen. Im Rahmen dieser Studie wurden 201 Patienten ab einem Alter von 18 Jahren in einer privaten Zahnarztpraxis zuerst mittels Selbstbewertungsbogen befragt und anschließend untersucht. Das Durchschnittsalter aller Probanden betrug 49 Jahre, das der Frauen lag bei 49±18 Jahre und das der Männer bei 48±17 Jahre. Dabei war es wichtig, dass keine parodontale Vorbehandlung oder parodontale Therapie in dieser Praxis stattgefunden hatte. Die Patienten sollten nicht in einem Prophylaxeprogamm involviert sein und waren zu einem großen Teil Neupatienten, die sich das erste Mal in der Praxis vorstellten

Avaliação comparativa da região inguinal em relação à região retal para detecção de bactérias multirresistentes

Orientadora: Profª Drª Elaine Drehmer de Almeida CruzCo-orientadora: Profª Drª Maria Cristina PaganiniDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Defesa: Curitiba, 28/08/2013Inclui referênciasResumo: O aumento na incidência de bactérias multirresistentes, associado à limitação de opções terapêuticas, é reconhecido como importante problema de saúde pública e imprime adoção de medidas preventivas, entre essas a identificação precoce de pacientes colonizados por meio de culturas de vigilância. A coleta de swabs retais é a técnica mais comumente utilizada para a detecção de bactérias multirresistentes de colonização intestinal. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar comparativamente a região inguinal em relação à região retal para detecção de bactérias multirresistentes e como objetivos específicos isolar bactérias multirresistentes do sítio inguinal,determinar a sensibilidade e especificidade do swab inguinal em comparação ao swab retal, e identificar fatores de interferência para a colonização no sítio inguinal por bactérias multirresistentes de colonização intestinal. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, com abordagem quantitativa, caracterizada como estudo epidemiológico, comparativo, prospectivo e controlado, realizado em hospital público federal, no período de outubro de 2012 a maio de 2013, obedecendo aos preceitos éticos em pesquisa. Esta pesquisa compreendeu a coleta de dois swabs inguinais eum swab retal em129 participantes hospitalizados e o preenchimento de instrumento de coleta de dados, incluindo fatores de interferência à colonização. Os espécimes clínicos foram analisados fenotipicamente e submetidos a testes genotípicos. Os resultados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, com determinação de médias, medianas, valores mínimos, valores máximos e desvio padrão para as variáveis quantitativas e por frequências e percentuais para variáveis qualitativas. Para avaliar a qualidade do exame com coleta por meio de swab inguinal em comparação à coleta de swab retal (padrão ouro) foram estimados os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acurácia. O sítio inguinal apresentou 91,8% de sensibilidade e 88,7% de especificidade quando comparado ao sítio retal; entre os participantes adultos de unidade de terapia intensiva, a sensibilidade foi de100% e a especificidade de 60%; entre os participantes neonatais os índices foram de 85,7% e 93,3% e entre os participantes do Transplante de Medula Óssea foram de 11,1% e 94,4%, respectivamente. Foram estatisticamente significativos a idade, mobilidade, diarreia, e o uso de sonda vesical de demora e fralda como fatores de interferência, assim como a associação da colonização ao óbito como desfecho. Entre os microrganismos isolados, destacam-se alta sensibilidade e valor preditivo negativo para enterobactérias produtoras de carbapenemases eAcinetobacter baumannii. Conclui-se que o sítio inguinal pode ser considerado alternativa segura para a coleta de culturas de vigilância para pesquisa de bactérias multirresistentes de colonização intestinal, à exceção dos pacientes que fazem uso de clorexidina degermante2%, no banho diário, por sua interferência na microbiota cutânea, como observado neste estudo. Os swabs inguinais representam técnica sensível, específica e de fácil execução na rotina institucional; se combinados os dois sítios de coleta, retal e inguinal, na rotina institucional, a possibilidade de detecção de pacientes colonizados poderá ser otimizada.Abstract: The increase in incidence of multidrug-resistant organisms is associated with the limitation of therapeutic options,andrecognized as an important public health problem, requiringpreventive measures, among them, theearly identification of colonized patients by surveillance cultures. The collection of rectal swabs is the most commonly-used technique for detecting bacteria from intestinal colonization. This study aimed to evaluate, comparatively, the inguinal site in relation to the rectal site for the detection of multi-resistant bacteria, and as specific objectives isolate multi-resistant bacteria in the inguinal site, determine the sensitivity and specificity of the inguinal swab in comparison with the rectal swab, and identify interference factors for colonization in the inguinal site by multi-resistant bacteria from intestinal colonization. It is an exploratory research with a quantitative approach, characterized as an epidemiological study. It is comparative, prospective and controlled, performed in a federal public hospital between October 2012 and May 2013, respecting the ethical precepts. It included the collection of two inguinal swabs and one rectal swab among 129 patients and the filling-out of a data collection instrument, including factors which influence the colonization. The clinical specimens were analyzed phenotypically and were submitted to genotypic tests; the results were analyzed through descriptive statistics, with means, medians, minimal values, maximal values, and standard deviation for the quantitative variables and through frequencies and percentages for the qualitative variables. To evaluate the quality of the exam with collection by means of the inguinal swab, in comparison with the examination with the rectal swab (gold standard), there were estimated thevalues of sensitivity and specificity, the positive predictive value, the negative predictive value, and accuracy. The inguinal site had 91.8% sensitivity and 88.7% specificity when compared to the rectal site; among the adult patients in the intensive care unit, sensitivity was 100% and the specificity was 60%; among neonatal patients, the rates were 85.7% and 93.3%, and among the bone marrow transplant patients,theywere 11.1% and 94.4%,respectively. Age, mobility, diarrhea, use of anindwelling urinary catheter and diapers were statistically significant as interference factors, as was the association of colonization with death as an outcome. Among the multidrug-resistant organisms isolated, high sensitivity and negative predictive value stand out for the Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceaeand Acinetobacter baumannii. It is concluded that the inguinal site may be considered a safe alternative for the collection of surveillance cultures for multi-resistant bacteria from intestinal colonization, with the exception of patients using 2% chlorhexidine gluconate in a daily bath/shower, due to its interference with cutaneous microbiota, as observed in this study. The inguinal swabs represent a sensitive, specific technique, easy to use in the institutional routine; if the two sites -rectal and inguinal -are combined, in the institutional routine, the possibility of detecting colonized patients can be optimized

Oral Health and Dental Anxiety in a German Practice-based Sample

Objective Does dental anxiety have an effect on dental and periodontal health? Methods Survey data was collected from n = 200 adults (53 % females, average age 49 years) in a cross-sectional study. Dental anxiety was measured with the modified dental anxiety scale (MDAS, score 1–5, the greater the score, the greater the anxiety). Clinical parameters including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (SLI), and bleeding on probing (BoP) as well as the DMFT index were recorded and statistically analyzed. Results Rating of dental anxiety was higher in women than in men (65 vs 35 %). Subjects with higher MDAS values visited the dentist less frequently (p = 0.001) and had more decay (DT 6.7 ± 4.2 vs 1.7 ± 2.4; p \u3c 0.001) but fewer filled teeth than subjects with lower ratings of dental anxiety (FT 7.1 ± 4.5 vs 9.8 ± 5.7; p = 0.042). There were no differences in PD or CAL between subjects with or without dental anxiety, while patients with higher MDAS value showed significantly more BoP (50 ± 19 vs 34 ± 20 %; p = 0.002) than patients with low MDAS scores (no or low dental anxiety). Conclusions Patients with higher ratings of dental anxiety had significantly more caries experience and gingivitis. Therefore, dental anxiety is associated with negative effect on dental and periodontal health. Clinical relevance Identifying patients with high dental anxiety and helping to manage this anxiety has important implications to improve oral health in adults. The MDAS appears to be an easy and efficient tool that can be used to identify patients with dental anxiety in dental practices

USE OF FLEXIBLE STICKS IN THE PREVENTION OF INFECTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER

The work relates the use of flexible sticks in dressings of central venous catheter, in patients in the Intensive Care Unit. It shows that the technique, which was introduced during a period of high incidence of infections relating to central venous catheter, provided an opportunity to reduce the level of infections, controlled by the Hospital Infection Control Service. The work highlights that the new technique has been fully incorporated to the routine inside the hospital as a means to prevent and control infection in patients with central venous catheter.O trabalho relata o uso de hastes flexíveis em curativos de cateter venoso central, em pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Mostra que a técnica, introduzida num período de surto de infecções relacionadas a cateter venoso central, oportunizou a redução dos índices de infecção, controlados pelo Serviço de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar. Ainda, destaca que a nova técnica foi totalmente implantada como rotina no hospital, como medida de prevenção e controle de infecções em pacientes com cateter venoso central

Avaliação comparativa da região inguinal em relação à região retal para detecção de bactérias multirresistentes

Orientadora: Profª Drª Elaine Drehmer de Almeida CruzCo-orientadora: Profª Drª Maria Cristina PaganiniDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Defesa: Curitiba, 28/08/2013Inclui referênciasResumo: O aumento na incidência de bactérias multirresistentes, associado à limitação de opções terapêuticas, é reconhecido como importante problema de saúde pública e imprime adoção de medidas preventivas, entre essas a identificação precoce de pacientes colonizados por meio de culturas de vigilância. A coleta de swabs retais é a técnica mais comumente utilizada para a detecção de bactérias multirresistentes de colonização intestinal. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar comparativamente a região inguinal em relação à região retal para detecção de bactérias multirresistentes e como objetivos específicos isolar bactérias multirresistentes do sítio inguinal,determinar a sensibilidade e especificidade do swab inguinal em comparação ao swab retal, e identificar fatores de interferência para a colonização no sítio inguinal por bactérias multirresistentes de colonização intestinal. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, com abordagem quantitativa, caracterizada como estudo epidemiológico, comparativo, prospectivo e controlado, realizado em hospital público federal, no período de outubro de 2012 a maio de 2013, obedecendo aos preceitos éticos em pesquisa. Esta pesquisa compreendeu a coleta de dois swabs inguinais eum swab retal em129 participantes hospitalizados e o preenchimento de instrumento de coleta de dados, incluindo fatores de interferência à colonização. Os espécimes clínicos foram analisados fenotipicamente e submetidos a testes genotípicos. Os resultados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, com determinação de médias, medianas, valores mínimos, valores máximos e desvio padrão para as variáveis quantitativas e por frequências e percentuais para variáveis qualitativas. Para avaliar a qualidade do exame com coleta por meio de swab inguinal em comparação à coleta de swab retal (padrão ouro) foram estimados os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acurácia. O sítio inguinal apresentou 91,8% de sensibilidade e 88,7% de especificidade quando comparado ao sítio retal; entre os participantes adultos de unidade de terapia intensiva, a sensibilidade foi de100% e a especificidade de 60%; entre os participantes neonatais os índices foram de 85,7% e 93,3% e entre os participantes do Transplante de Medula Óssea foram de 11,1% e 94,4%, respectivamente. Foram estatisticamente significativos a idade, mobilidade, diarreia, e o uso de sonda vesical de demora e fralda como fatores de interferência, assim como a associação da colonização ao óbito como desfecho. Entre os microrganismos isolados, destacam-se alta sensibilidade e valor preditivo negativo para enterobactérias produtoras de carbapenemases eAcinetobacter baumannii. Conclui-se que o sítio inguinal pode ser considerado alternativa segura para a coleta de culturas de vigilância para pesquisa de bactérias multirresistentes de colonização intestinal, à exceção dos pacientes que fazem uso de clorexidina degermante2%, no banho diário, por sua interferência na microbiota cutânea, como observado neste estudo. Os swabs inguinais representam técnica sensível, específica e de fácil execução na rotina institucional; se combinados os dois sítios de coleta, retal e inguinal, na rotina institucional, a possibilidade de detecção de pacientes colonizados poderá ser otimizada.Abstract: The increase in incidence of multidrug-resistant organisms is associated with the limitation of therapeutic options,andrecognized as an important public health problem, requiringpreventive measures, among them, theearly identification of colonized patients by surveillance cultures. The collection of rectal swabs is the most commonly-used technique for detecting bacteria from intestinal colonization. This study aimed to evaluate, comparatively, the inguinal site in relation to the rectal site for the detection of multi-resistant bacteria, and as specific objectives isolate multi-resistant bacteria in the inguinal site, determine the sensitivity and specificity of the inguinal swab in comparison with the rectal swab, and identify interference factors for colonization in the inguinal site by multi-resistant bacteria from intestinal colonization. It is an exploratory research with a quantitative approach, characterized as an epidemiological study. It is comparative, prospective and controlled, performed in a federal public hospital between October 2012 and May 2013, respecting the ethical precepts. It included the collection of two inguinal swabs and one rectal swab among 129 patients and the filling-out of a data collection instrument, including factors which influence the colonization. The clinical specimens were analyzed phenotypically and were submitted to genotypic tests; the results were analyzed through descriptive statistics, with means, medians, minimal values, maximal values, and standard deviation for the quantitative variables and through frequencies and percentages for the qualitative variables. To evaluate the quality of the exam with collection by means of the inguinal swab, in comparison with the examination with the rectal swab (gold standard), there were estimated thevalues of sensitivity and specificity, the positive predictive value, the negative predictive value, and accuracy. The inguinal site had 91.8% sensitivity and 88.7% specificity when compared to the rectal site; among the adult patients in the intensive care unit, sensitivity was 100% and the specificity was 60%; among neonatal patients, the rates were 85.7% and 93.3%, and among the bone marrow transplant patients,theywere 11.1% and 94.4%,respectively. Age, mobility, diarrhea, use of anindwelling urinary catheter and diapers were statistically significant as interference factors, as was the association of colonization with death as an outcome. Among the multidrug-resistant organisms isolated, high sensitivity and negative predictive value stand out for the Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceaeand Acinetobacter baumannii. It is concluded that the inguinal site may be considered a safe alternative for the collection of surveillance cultures for multi-resistant bacteria from intestinal colonization, with the exception of patients using 2% chlorhexidine gluconate in a daily bath/shower, due to its interference with cutaneous microbiota, as observed in this study. The inguinal swabs represent a sensitive, specific technique, easy to use in the institutional routine; if the two sites -rectal and inguinal -are combined, in the institutional routine, the possibility of detecting colonized patients can be optimized

Prophylaxis with levofloxacin: impact on bacterial susceptibility and epidemiology in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant unit

Background: The emergence of resistance has been demonstrated in cancer treatment centers where prophylaxis with fluoroquinolone is used. Objective: Considering the importance of epidemiological monitoring as a strategy in choosing protocols involving antibiotics, this study aimed to evaluate the emergence of quinolone resistance and changes in the local epidemiology in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant service. Methods: For this study, 60 positive cultures before the prophylactic use of levofloxacin (period A: 2007-2008) and 118 cultures after starting the use of prophylactic levofloxacin (period B: 2010-2011) were evaluated. Results: Resistance increased for all the different types of bacteria isolated (from 46.0% to 76.5%; p-value = 0.0002). Among Gram-negative bacteria, resistance increased from 21.4% to 60.7% (p-value = 0.0163) and among Gram-positive bacteria, it increased from 55.6% to 82.9% (p-value = 0.0025). The use of levofloxacin increased from 19.44 defined daily doses per 1,000 patient-days in period A to 166.64 in period B. The use of broad spectrum antibiotics remained unchanged. Considering bacteria associated with infection, 72 and 76 were isolated in periods A and B, respectively. There was a reduction in the rate of Gramnegative bacteria in cultures associated with infection (3.81 vs. 2.00 cultures/1,000 patientdays; p-value = 0.008). Conclusion: The study of prophylaxis with levofloxacin demonstrated that there was a decrease in infections by Gram-negative bacteria; however, bacterial resistance increased, even though the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics remained unchanged. Constant monitoring of local epidemiology combined with research on clinical outcomes is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of prophylaxis

Prophylaxis with levofloxacin: impact on bacterial susceptibility and epidemiology in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant unit

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe emergence of resistance has been demonstrated in cancer treatment centers where prophylaxis with fluoroquinolone is used.ObjectiveConsidering the importance of epidemiological monitoring as a strategy in choosing protocols involving antibiotics, this study aimed to evaluate the emergence of quinolone resistance and changes in the local epidemiology in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant service.MethodsFor this study, 60 positive cultures before the prophylactic use of levofloxacin (period A: 2007-2008) and 118 cultures after starting the use of prophylactic levofloxacin (period B: 2010-2011) were evaluated.ResultsResistance increased for all the different types of bacteria isolated (from 46.0% to 76.5%; p-value=0.0002). Among Gram-negative bacteria, resistance increased from 21.4% to 60.7% (p-value=0.0163) and among Gram-positive bacteria, it increased from 55.6% to 82.9% (p-value=0.0025). The use of levofloxacin increased from 19.44 defined daily doses per 1,000 patient-days in period A to 166.64 in period B. The use of broad spectrum antibiotics remained unchanged. Considering bacteria associated with infection, 72 and 76 were isolated in periods A and B, respectively. There was a reduction in the rate of Gram-negative bacteria in cultures associated with infection (3.81 vs. 2.00 cultures/1,000 patient-days; p-value=0.008).ConclusionThe study of prophylaxis with levofloxacin demonstrated that there was a decrease in infections by Gram-negative bacteria; however, bacterial resistance increased, even though the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics remained unchanged. Constant monitoring of local epidemiology combined with research on clinical outcomes is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of prophylaxis.© 2014 Associação Brasileira de Hematologia, Hemoterapia e Terapia Celular. All rights reserved

Establishment, characterization and chemosensitivity of three mismatch repair deficient cell lines from sporadic and inherited colorectal carcinomas.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a morphologic and molecular heterogenic disease. This heterogeneity substantially impairs drug effectiveness and prognosis. The subtype of mismatch repair deficient (MMR-D) CRCs, accounting for about 15% of all cases, shows particular differential responses up to resistance towards currently approved cytostatic drugs. Pre-clinical in vitro models representing molecular features of MMR-D tumors are thus mandatory for identifying biomarkers that finally help to predict responses towards new cytostatic drugs. Here, we describe the successful establishment and characterization of three patient-derived MMR-D cell lines (HROC24, HROC87, and HROC113) along with their corresponding xenografts. METHODOLOGY: MMR-D cell lines (HROC24, HROC87, and HROC113) were established from a total of ten clinicopathological well-defined MMR-D cases (120 CRC cases in total). Cells were comprehensively characterized by phenotype, morphology, growth kinetics, invasiveness, and molecular profile. Additionally, response to clinically relevant chemotherapeutics was examined in vitro and in vivo. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Two MMR-D lines showing CIMP-H derived from sporadic CRC (HROC24: K-ras(wt), B-raf(mut), HROC87: K-ras(wt), B-raf(mut)), whereas the HROC113 cell line (K-ras(mut), B-raf(wt)) was HNPCC-associated. A diploid DNA-status could be verified by flow cytometry and SNP Array analysis. All cell lines were characterized as epithelial (EpCAM(+)) tumor cells, showing surface tumor marker expression (CEACAM(+)). MHC-class II was inducible by Interferon-γ stimulation. Growth kinetics as well as invasive potential was quite heterogeneous between individual lines. Besides, MMR-D cell lines exhibited distinct responsiveness towards chemotherapeutics, even when comparing in vitro and in vivo sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: These newly established and well-characterized, low-passage MMR-D cell lines provide a useful tool for future investigations on the biological characteristics of MMR-D CRCs, both of sporadic and hereditary origin. Additionally, matched patient-derived immune cells allow for comparative genetic studies

Infecção hospitalar num berçário de alto risco: análise de dois anos

Um estudo prospectivo sobre infecção hospitalar foi realizado por dois anos, no período de agosto de 1987 a julho de 1989 no berçário de alto risco do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Foram identificadas as taxas mensais de infecção hospitalar com os agentes e a localização da infecção. A taxa média de infecção foi de 30%. Staphylococcus aureus/o; o agente etiológico mais comum. A infecção mais freqüente foi a cutâneo-mucosa. Medidas educativas foram o fator mais importante na redução das taxas

ICG-Lymphknoten-Mapping in der Tumorchirurgie des oberen Gastrointestinaltrakts

The importance of the assessment of the N‑status in gastric carcinoma, tumors of the gastroesophageal junction and esophageal cancer is undisputed; however, there is currently no internationally validated method for lymph node mapping in esophageal and gastric cancer. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging (NIR) is an innovative technique from the field of vibrational spectroscopy, which in combination with the fluorescent dye indocyanine green (ICG) enables intraoperative real-time visualization of anatomical structures. The ICG currently has four fields of application in oncological surgery: intraoperative real-time angiography for visualization of perfusion, lymphography for visualization of lymphatic vessels, visualization of solid tumors, and (sentinel) lymph node mapping. For imaging of the lymph drainage area and therefore the consecutive lymph nodes, peritumoral injection of ICG must be performed. Several studies have demonstrated the feasibility of peritumoral injection of ICG administered 15 min to 3 days preoperatively with subsequent intraoperative visualization of the lymph nodes. So far prospective randomized studies on the validation of the method are still lacking. In contrast, the use of ICG for lymph node mapping and visualization of sentinel lymph nodes in gastric cancer has been performed in large cohorts as well as in prospective randomized settings. Up to now, multicenter studies for ICG-guided lymph node mapping during oncological surgery of the upper gastrointestinal tract are lacking. Artificial intelligence methods can help to evaluate these techniques in an automated manner in the future as well as to support intraoperative decision making and therefore to improve the quality of oncological surgery