Why do We Need Grundstücke (Land Units), and What are They? On the Difficulties of Divining a European Concept of ‘Thing’ in Property Law

The article analyses one of the most fundamental but surprisingly difficult and contested concepts of European property law: the notion(s) of land, immeuble, immovable, and Grundstück. Grundstück and ownership in ‘land’ are reciprocal ideas, with each depending on the other. Grundstücke are constructs of the law and products of legal fantasy; they are not natural entities. To describe them as ‘corporeal’ things is as imprecise and incorrect as the notion of ‘immovables’ is. A piece of land (or land unit) is an item of property not because it is ‘corporeal’ but because the law creates its corpus. A Grundstück (equivalent to the Estonian maatükk) is a ‘normative thing’. Therefore, the paper discusses why the law needs Grundstücke (or their linguistic equivalents in other European languages), what is requires for bringing them into existence, and what space they encompass

Direct Mass Limits for Chiral Fourth-Generation Quarks in All Mixing Scenarios

Present limits on chiral fourth-generation quark masses $m_{b'}$ and $m_{t'}$ are broadly generalized and strengthened by combining both $t'$ and $b'$ decays and considering the full range of $t'$ and $b'$ flavor-mixing scenarios (with the lighter generations). Various characteristic mass-splitting choices are considered. With $m_{t'} > m_{b'}$ we find that CDF limits on the $b'$ mass vary by no more than 10-20% with any choice of flavor-mixing, while for the $t'$ mass, we typically find stronger bounds, in some cases up to $m_{t'} > 430$ GeV. For $m_{b'} > m_{t'}$ we find $m_{b'} > 380 - 430$ GeV, depending on the flavor-mixing and the size of the $m_{t'} - m_{b'}$ mass splitting

Transport in quasiperiodic interacting systems: from superdiffusion to subdiffusion

Using a combination of numerically exact and renormalization-group techniques we study the nonequilibrium transport of electrons in an one-dimensional interacting system subject to a quasiperiodic potential. For this purpose we calculate the growth of the mean-square displacement as well as the melting of domain walls. While the system is nonintegrable for all studied parameters, there is no on finite region default of parameters for which we observe diffusive transport. In particular, our model shows a rich dynamical behavior crossing over from superdiffusion to subdiffusion. We discuss the implications of our results for the general problem of many-body localization, with a particular emphasis on the rare region Griffiths picture of subdiffusion.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures. A more detailed analysis of the dynamical exponents extraction and discussion of the relevant times. Adds a log-derivative for the FRG sectio

Design of a fault-tolerant fractional slot PMSM for a vehicle application

In automotive applications, the PMSM is an interesting alternative due to the high efficiency requirement; as only a limited amount of energy can be stored in the relatively expensive battery. Another advantage is the high torque and power density since it is very important to save especially space but also weight in vehicle applications. As the battery technology develops, pure electric cars are expected to become a more and more interesting alternative. In case of pure electric vehicles, it is natural that the requirement of reliability on the electric drive system becomes an aspect of utmost importance as the electric drive is the only driving force. In this thesis a three phase fractional slot PMSM is designed and its possibility to operate and to deliver an acceptable quality of performance even after a fault occurs is investigated. The faults investigated are phase open circuit and phase short circuit, and it is shown that the thesis machine design can be operated during both circumstances. During normal operation, the fault-tolerant machine design shows a similar performance as an existing design of the same size, where fault-tolerance was not considered in the design. During fault, the maximum torque is reduced by approximately 50 % and the maximum speed is reduced to roughly 1/3 or 1/4 of the maximum speed in case of a phase open circuit fault or a phase short circuit fault respectively. A semi-analytical machine modeling approach are used to model the individual saturation levels of the phases successfully. The same model is used to calculate new current waveforms that are used to reduce the torque ripple during the unbalanced conditions associated with the operation during fault. Further, a design procedure considering the machine design performance in relation to its expected material cost is used and presented

Scientific Visualization for Atmospheric Data Analysis in Collaborative Virtual Environments

The three year European research project CROSS DRIVE (Collaborative Rover Operations and Planetary Science Analysis System based on Distributed Remote and Interactive Virtual Environments) started in January 2014. The research and development within this project is motivated by three use case studies: landing site characterization, atmospheric science and rover target selection. Currently the implementation for the second use case is in its final phase. Here, the requirements were generated based on the domain experts input and lead to development and integration of appropriate methods for visualization and analysis of atmospheric data. The methods range from volume rendering, interactive slicing, iso-surface techniques to interactive probing. All visualization methods are integrated in DLR’s Terrain Rendering application. With this, the high resolution surface data visualization can be enriched with additional methods appropriate for atmospheric data sets. This results in an integrated virtual environment where the scientist has the possibility to interactively explore his data sets directly within the correct context. The data sets include volumetric data of the martian atmosphere, precomputed two dimensional maps and vertical profiles. In most cases the surface data as well as the atmospheric data has global coverage and is of time dependent nature. Furthermore, all interaction is synchronized between different connected application  instances, allowing for collaborative sessions between distant experts

Política de comunicações dos Estados Unidos pós-convergência

Communication systems are now converging, but communication policy has evolved to treat different media with different doctrines. Most solutions for a post-convergence communication policy are adjustments to inherited regulatory categories. Instead, this article revisits the underlying goals of policymaking across all media. First, this article presents a conceptual model for the communication policy process as one of inertia punctuated by crisis. Second, it applies this model to a very brief history of policy in the US, considering print, post, telephony, broadcasting, and the Internet. Third, from this analysis it suggests useful approaches in a converged environment, distinguishing three underlying goals for policy: the right to publish, the right to private exchange, and the right to design communication platforms.Communication systems are now converging, but communication policy has evolved to treat different media with different doctrines. Most solutions for a post-convergence communication policy are adjustments to inherited regulatory categories. Instead, this article revisits the underlying goals of policymaking across all media. First, this article presents a conceptual model for the communication policy process as one of inertia punctuated by crisis. Second, it applies this model to a very brief history of policy in the US, considering print, post, telephony, broadcasting, and the Internet. Third, from this analysis it suggests useful approaches in a converged environment, distinguishing three underlying goals for policy: the right to publish, the right to private exchange, and the right to design communication platforms.Os sistemas de comunicações estão convergindo, mas a política de comunicação tem evoluído no sentido de submeter as diferentes mídias a diferentes doutrinas. Muitas das soluções para uma política de comunicação pós-convergência são ajustes às categorias regulatórias herdadas do passado. Em vez de seguir com essa tendência, este artigo revisita os objetivos subjacentes de formulação de políticas públicas de todas as mídias. Em primeiro lugar, este artigo apresenta um modelo conceitual para a política de comunicação como um processo de inércia marcado por crises. Em segundo lugar, ele aplica esse modelo a uma brevíssima história dessa política nos Estados Unidos, enfocando a imprensa, os correios, a telefonia, a radiodifusão e a internet. Em terceiro lugar, a partir dessa análise, o artigo propõe abordagens úteis num ambiente resultante do processo convergente, distinguindo-se três metas políticas subjacentes: o direito de publicar, o direito de intercâmbio privado, e o direito de conceber plataformas de comunicação

from superdiffusion tosubdiffusion

Using a combination of numerically exact and renormalization-group techniques we study the nonequilibrium transport of electrons in a one-dimensional interacting system subject to a quasiperiodic potential. For this purpose we calculate the growth of the mean-square displacement as well as the melting of domain walls. While the system is nonintegrable for all studied parameters, there is no finite region of parameters for which we observe diffusive transport. In particular, our model shows a rich dynamical behavior crossing over from superdiffusion to subdiffusion. We discuss the implications of our results for the general problem of many-body localization, with a particular emphasis on the rare region Griffiths picture of subdiffusion