Frozen storage characteristics of cultured Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

Cultured Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Scampi, about 30 g each) in headless shell-on form was individually quick frozen in a spiral freezer. The frozen samples were glazed and packed in polythene bags, which were further packed in master carton and stored at -18°C. Samples were drawn at regular intervals and subjected to biochemical, bacteriological and organoleptic analysis to study its storage characteristics. The data on the above parameters showed that the samples were in prime acceptable condition when stored up to 23 weeks. No appreciable change in colour and odour was noticed in the raw muscle. Afterwards, organoleptic evaluation of the cooked muscle revealed slight change in the flavour. Texture also appeared little tougher. These changes in organoleptic characters were well supported by the biochemical bacteriological changes in the muscle

Synthesis and optical properties of CdTe nanocrystals with improved optical properties

CdTe nanocrystals are prepared by hydrothermal route using the reaction between Cd2+ and KHTe in the presence of thioglycolic acid as the stabilizing agent. Hydrothermal synthesis under optimum conditions resulted in a rapid growth. CdTe nanocrystals with high PL intensity and narrow PL spectra are obtained in less time. The growth mechanism of CdTe nanocrystals is investigated. The growth rate in the initial stage of synthesis is higher in hydrothermal synthesis resulting in an increased growth in diffusion controlled focused region

Monitoring the status of Human-wildlife conflict and its impact on community based conservation in Bandhavgarh tiger reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India

The Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve is one of the famous tiger reserve in India. The human wildlife conflict is on rise for few years. A total of 194 human casualties and 1960 livestock depredation were reported between 2001 to 2011. Out of 194 casualties, 6.7% were lethal which caused death and 93.3% were injuries. Out of these maximum 37.57% (68) were reported by Jackal (Canis aureus) followed by 27.64% (50) of Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), 20.99% (38) by Wild boar (Sus scrofa), 8.84% (16) by Tiger (Panthera tigris), 3.31% (6) by Leopard (Panthera Pardus) and 1.65% (3) by other carnivores. Out of 194 casualties 71.13% were male and 28.87% were female. The livestock killings were reported to be 1960 out of which maximum 81.78% (1603) were by tiger followed by 17.60% (345) by leopard and rest 0.62% (12) by other carnivores. The mean livestock killing was 178.182±42.82 (SE) per year. Discussions and surveys were made with affected peoples to know the views about conflict and its alleviation by using Close ended questionnaire. Total 180 individuals were surveyed.  Out of these 151 (83.89 %) respondent felt that wildlife should be conserved while 29 (16.11 %) felt there is no need for conservation. Adequate compensation, habitat management practices, livestock and crop insurance scheme and bio fencing around the affected villages and conservation awareness could be the way to mitigate existing conflict.&nbsp

Investigation for Protection against Jamming attacks and Routing Improvement through Taguchi’s loss function in MANET

Mobile ad-hoc communication is a kind of wireless network which has no infrastructure and decentralized management. Security is an essential requirement in mobile ad hoc network to provide protected communication between mobile nodes. Due to unique characteristic of MANETs, it creates a number of consequential challenges to its security design. In this paper we investigate number of protection mechanism against jamming attack and improve the quality of network service with the help of Taguchi loss function calculation based. In this study paper we identify various jammer attacks, security goal and existing prevention mechanism after that we proposed taguchi’s loss function base node drop identification and neighbour trust measurement base security measurement that proposed technique is better idea for communication performance improvement under security survival condition. &nbsp

Tale of the ‘Twin City’: Historicizing the Urban Form of Nagpur (1803-1936)

The study attempts to analyse the applicability of global colonial theories at the grassroots levels through a case study of Nagpur. Nagpur was first the capital of Gond rulers, then the Marathas, and later the administrative headquarters for the Central Provinces in the colonial period. As the second capital of Maharashtra, Nagpur also continues to assert its position in the political realm in the postcolonial period. However, despite its prominence, there is an unusual gap in colonial records about the city. This study aims to fill these gaps and historicizes the formation of urban Nagpur. Categorizing key events in history based on archival sources under the three frameworks of colonial urban development, trade, and public culture, this study consolidates a cogent historical narrative especially by redrawing archival maps between 1818 and 1930 and linking them with important events, to reimagine the trajectory of urbanization. The study attempts to critically analyse spatial components from British governance: the administrative area, the railways, the cantonment, the civil lines, and the ‘buffer space’ to demonstrate how the emergence of a European environment distanced itself from the medieval city as a strategic defence mechanism. This buffer zone underwent transformation; the cordon sanitaire understood as that very component of colonial separation became the centre of trade and industrialization. This introduces the third entity in the development of urban Nagpur: its immigrant elites, and its labour force that complicates this urban form of the ‘twin cities’

Comparative Study of AOMDV and AODV Routing based on Load Analysis in MANET

Routing is very difficult in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) because of changing the position of mobile nodes. The topology of the network is frequently changes and completely dynamic. In this paper we proposed a routing performance of AODV and AOMDV protocols in MANET. The AODV (Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector) protocol is the unipath routing protocol and forming established the route in on demand manner. The multipath protocol has an ability to balance the load of the network efficiently. The AOMDV (Ad hoc On demand Multipath Distance Vector) is the multipath routing protocol and established the more than two routes as the back-up route or alternative routes for data transmission and receiving in MANET. The alternative route presence is definitely improves the routing performance i.e. measures in this research. The performance of both the protocols are measured through maximum load handling, average load handling capability of nodes and routing performance is based on the packet delivery fraction, throughput and end-to-end delay. The performance of AOMDV protocol is better than the unipth AODV and also handle the load through distributed to alternative paths. The AOMDV provides the better routing performance as compare to AODV routing protocol. &nbsp

Study of Routing in Ad hoc network

Every network performs routing of packets which is the basic function of the network. Routing algorithms have to take the decision that whom to forward the packet. Number of hops is used to take the decision. Routers are generally used in wired networks and the reason is that routers are more powerful than a normal host. Router keeps the next hop for every destination on the basis of the best metric value for this purpose router maintains routing table. &nbsp

Melanosis and quality attributes of chill stored farm raised whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Loss of market value of shrimp is mainly due to the formation of black spot called melanosis. A study was conducted for 14 days to determine the extent of melanosis and quality changes during that period of freshly har-vested whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) under chilled storage (2?). Among quality parameters, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBAR-S), were varied from 13.17 mg % to 44.50 mg % and 0.04to 2.57 mg malondehaldehyde/kg of fat respectively whereas melanosis score and metric chroma (C) exhibited significant increases during chilled storage (P<0.05). There was a slight increase in moisture, crude fat and pH from 73.96 % to 74.57 %, 1.05 % to 1.14 % and 6.52 to 7.60 respectively at 14th day of storage. Loss of protein from 22.51 % to 21.28 % may be due to decrease in available amino acids during chilled storage and total plate count (TPC) showed gradual increase of bacterial load up to 1.73*107 log CFU/g at the end of chilled storage. The sensory analysis by panellists indicated, the acceptability of white leg shrimp was up to 6 days in chilled condition and formation of black spot is one of the major parameter for rejection by the panellists

Introduction Jamming attacks and its types in MANET

In MANET every node plays a part of router and routing paths in MANETs potentially contain multiple hops. This is the reason why Mobile Ad hoc network is vulnerable to attacks. &nbsp

Formulation development and Stability Studies of Meropenem Extended-Release matrix Tablets

The aim of this research was to develop a new hydrophilic matrix system containing meropenem (MEX). Extended-release tablets are usually intended for once-a-day administration with benefits to the patient and lower discontinuation of the therapy. Formulations were developed with hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose or poly (ethylene oxide) as hydrophilic polymers, with different molecular weights (MWs) and concentrations (20 and 30%). The tablets were found to be stable (6 months at 40 ± 2°C and 75± 5% relative humidity), and the film-coating process is recommended to avoid MEX photo-degradation. The dissolution profiles demonstrated an extended-release of MEX for all developed formulations. Dissolution curves analyzed using the Korsmeyer exponential equation showed that drug release was controlled by both drug diffusion and polymer relaxation or erosion mechanisms. A more erosion controlled system was obtained for the formulations containing lower MW and amount of polymer. With the increase in both MW and amount of polymer in the formulation, the gel layer became stronger, and the dissolution was more drug-diffusion dependent. Formulations containing intermediate MW polymers or high concentration (30%) of low MW polymers demonstrated a combination of extended and complete in vitro drug release. This way, these formulations could provide an increased bioavailability in vivo