Meiotic study of Zea mays ssp. mays (2n = 40) x Tripsacum dactyloides (2 n = 72) hybrid and its progeny

Maize (2n = 40) x Tripsacum dactyloides (2n = 72) F1 hybrid plants (2n = 56) were obtained by embryo rescue and induction of somatic embryogenesis/organogenesis. Hybrid plants showed Tripsacum-like phenotypes, tolerance to stresses such as NaCl salinity and low temperatures. The more frequent meiotic configurations were 28II (24%), 24II + 2IV (19%) and 26II + 1IV (12%), with an average per cell of 0.55I + 25.18II + 1.19IV. Significant differences between plants were not observed. Pollen fertility ranged from 0% to 50%. After pollination with maize or Tripsacum, 20% of F1 plants have developed viable seeds, which originated the progeny. Thirty five percent of the progeny showed 2n = 56 chromosomes and F1 like-phenotypes, which suggests they have apomictic origin. The remaining plants were fertile and they showed maize-like phenotypes and different chromosome numbers (2n = 22, 24, 26, 28 and 30), because they kept the complete maize chromosome complement and some of the Tripsacum chromosomes. Meiotic cells showed pairing between chromosomes from both parental species, which suggests the possibility of genetic recombination between them.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Biological control of Fusarium graminearum : use of Trichoderma spp. and biofumigation with aerial part of Brassica juncea

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: determinar la factibilidad de la utilización combinada de dos métodos de control biológico: la aplicación del hongo antagonista Trichoderma spp. y la biofumigación con la parte aérea de Brassica juncea en el estadio de fin de fructificación; evaluar su efecto sobre el crecimiento del patógeno Fusarium graminearum. Se trituraron plantas de B. juncea y se colocaron en recipientes de plástico en dosis de 5 y 10 g. Sobre el material triturado se apoyó una caja de Petri con agar papa glucosado al 2%, que contenía un disco con micelio de F. graminearum o Trichoderma spp. o ambos hongos. Los recipientes de plástico se cerraron e incubaron a 25±2°C en oscuridad durante 7 días. Finalizado este período, se midió el diámetro de las colonias. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: i) cuando se biofumigaron por separado, no se observó efecto fungistático de B. juncea sobre Trichoderma spp. ni sobre F. graminearum; ii) en ausencia del biofumigante, Trichoderma spp. inhibió significativamente el crecimiento de las colonias de F. graminearum, iii) la combinación de Trichoderma spp. y la biofumigación con B. juncea mostró un efecto sinérgico sobre el control del crecimiento miceliar de F. graminearum. Los resultados in vitro sugieren que el crecimiento de Trichoderma spp. y su potencial efecto de biocontrol sobre F. graminearum, no son afectados por la biofumigación con B. juncea. La utilización combinada de Trichoderma spp. y la biofumigación con B. juncea, tendría un efecto sinérgico sobre el control del crecimiento de F. graminearum.The aims of this work were: to determine feasibility of the combination of two biological control methods: application of antagonistic fungus Trichoderma spp. and biofumigation with the aerial part of Brassica juncea in the end of fruiting stage; to evaluate their effect on the growth of the pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Two doses (5 and 10 g) of triturated plant material from B. juncea were placed in plastic recipients. Petri dishes with potato glucose agar medium 2% and a disc inoculated with F. graminearum, or Trichoderma spp. or both fungi, were placed on top of the plant material. Plastic recipients were then closed and incubated at 25±2°C in darkness for 7 days. After that, the diameter of the colonies was measured. The results indicated that: i) when Trichoderma spp. and F. graminearum were biofumigated separately, fungistatic effect was not observed, ii) without biofumigant, Trichoderma spp. significantly inhibited growth of F. graminearum colonies, iii) the combination of Trichoderma spp. and the biofumigation with B. juncea showed synergic effect on growth control of F. graminearum. These in vitro results suggest that the growth of Trichoderma spp. and its potential biocontrol effect of F. graminearum, are not affected by biofumigation with B. juncea. Also, the combination of Trichoderma spp. and biofumigation with B. juncea, would have synergic effect on growth control of F. graminearum.Fil: Perniola, Omar Salvador. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesFil: Staltari, Sebastián. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesFil: Chorzempa, Silvia Elena. Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora. Facultad de Ciencias AgrariasFil: Astiz Gassó, Marta Mónica. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesFil: Molina, María del Carmen. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Biofumigation with Brassica juncea: effect on weeds

La biofumigación con brassicáceas es una táctica biológica que podría contribuir al manejo integrado de malezas en las etapas iniciales de los cultivos hortícolas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la dosis del biofumigante Brassica juncea L. Czerniak (mostaza parda) técnicamente más eficaz para el manejo de malezas en un sustrato. El ensayo se realizó en cajones de madera que contenían tierra extraída de la capa arable de un suelo de Llavallol, Argentina, que portaba las semillas de la flora del lugar. Se trituraron plantas de mostaza parda y se mezclaron con la tierra, en dosis de 2,5, 5, 10 y 15 kg.m-2. Cada cajón se regó y cubrió con polietileno negro durante 21 días. Paralelamente, se evaluó un control sin biofumigante, con idéntica cobertura y riego. Tres semanas después de extraer el polietileno se contabilizó la cantidad y frecuencia de individuos de cada especie arvense y se midió cobertura y peso seco por tratamiento. La dosis de 2,5 kg.m-2 redujo el número total de individuos de arvenses mono y dicotiledóneas, en particular de Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (pasto de cuaresma), Portulaca oleracea L. (verdolaga) y Taraxacum officinalis G.H. Weber ex Wiggers (diente de león), aunque no disminuyó significativamente la biomasa aérea y la cobertura. El tratamiento con 5 kg.m-2 mostró un comportamiento similar al control. Las dosis de 10 y 15 kg.m-2 favorecieron el crecimiento de las malezas. La biofumigación con 2,5 kg.m-2 representa una herramienta alternativa para el manejo integrado de malezas en estadios iniciales de cultivos hortícolas.Biofumigation with Brassicaceae is a biological tactic which could contribute to the integrated weeds management in the initial stages of horticultural crops. The aim of this study was to determine the dose of the biofumigant Brassica juncea L. Czerniak (brown mustard) technically more effective for the weeds management in a substrate. The test was carried out in wooden drawers that containing ground extracted from the arable layer of a soil of Llavallol, Argentina and including the seeds of the local flora. Brown mustard plants were triturated and mixed with the ground in doses of 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 kg.m-2. Each drawer was irrigated and covered with black polyethylene for 21 days. At the same time, a control without biofumigant, with identical coverage and irrigation was evaluated. Three weeks after extracting polyethylene, the amount and frequency of individuals of each species of weed were counted and the cover and dry weight by treatment were measured. The biofumigant treatment with 2.5 kg.m-2 reduced the total number of individuals of mono and dicotyledonous weeds, in particular of Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (large crabgrass), Portulaca oleracea L. (common purslane) y Taraxacum officinalis G.H. Weber ex Wiggers (dandelion), although it did not generate significant reduction of aerial biomass and coverage. The treatment with 5 kg.m-2 showed an action similar to the control. Doses of 10 and 15 kg.m-2 favored the growth of weeds. Biofumigation with 2.5 kg.m-2 represents an alternative tactic for the integrated weeds management in the initial stages of horticultural crops.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Meiotic study of Zea mays ssp. mays (2n = 40) x Tripsacum dactyloides (2 n = 72) hybrid and its progeny

Maize (2n = 40) x Tripsacum dactyloides (2n = 72) F1 hybrid plants (2n = 56) were obtained by embryo rescue and induction of somatic embryogenesis/organogenesis. Hybrid plants showed Tripsacum-like phenotypes, tolerance to stresses such as NaCl salinity and low temperatures. The more frequent meiotic configurations were 28II (24%), 24II + 2IV (19%) and 26II + 1IV (12%), with an average per cell of 0.55I + 25.18II + 1.19IV. Significant differences between plants were not observed. Pollen fertility ranged from 0% to 50%. After pollination with maize or Tripsacum, 20% of F1 plants have developed viable seeds, which originated the progeny. Thirty five percent of the progeny showed 2n = 56 chromosomes and F1 like-phenotypes, which suggests they have apomictic origin. The remaining plants were fertile and they showed maize-like phenotypes and different chromosome numbers (2n = 22, 24, 26, 28 and 30), because they kept the complete maize chromosome complement and some of the Tripsacum chromosomes. Meiotic cells showed pairing between chromosomes from both parental species, which suggests the possibility of genetic recombination between them

Meiotic study of Zea mays ssp. mays (2n = 40) x Tripsacum dactyloides (2 n = 72) hybrid and its progeny

Maize (2n = 40) x Tripsacum dactyloides (2n = 72) F1 hybrid plants (2n = 56) were obtained by embryo rescue and induction of somatic embryogenesis/organogenesis. Hybrid plants showed Tripsacum-like phenotypes, tolerance to stresses such as NaCl salinity and low temperatures. The more frequent meiotic configurations were 28II (24%), 24II + 2IV (19%) and 26II + 1IV (12%), with an average per cell of 0.55I + 25.18II + 1.19IV. Significant differences between plants were not observed. Pollen fertility ranged from 0% to 50%. After pollination with maize or Tripsacum, 20% of F1 plants have developed viable seeds, which originated the progeny. Thirty five percent of the progeny showed 2n = 56 chromosomes and F1 like-phenotypes, which suggests they have apomictic origin. The remaining plants were fertile and they showed maize-like phenotypes and different chromosome numbers (2n = 22, 24, 26, 28 and 30), because they kept the complete maize chromosome complement and some of the Tripsacum chromosomes. Meiotic cells showed pairing between chromosomes from both parental species, which suggests the possibility of genetic recombination between them

Biological control of Fusarium graminearum: use of Trichoderma spp. and biofumigation with aerial part ofBrassica juncea

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: determinar la factibilidad de la utilización combinada de dos métodos de control biológico: la aplicación del hongo antagonista Trichoderma spp. y la biofumigación con la parte aérea de Brassica juncea en el estadio de fin de fructificación; evaluar su efecto sobre el crecimiento del patógeno Fusarium graminearum. Se trituraron plantas de B. juncea y se colocaron en recipientes de plástico en dosis de 5 y 10 g. Sobre el material triturado se apoyó una caja de Petri con agar papa glucosado al 2%, que contenía un disco con micelio de F. graminearum o Trichoderma spp. o ambos hongos. Los recipientes de plástico se cerraron e incubaron a 25±2°C en oscuridad durante 7 días. Finalizado este período, se midió el diámetro de las colonias. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: i) cuando se biofumigaron por separado, no se observó efecto fungistático de B. juncea sobre Trichoderma spp. ni sobre F. graminearum; ii) en ausencia del biofumigante, Trichoderma spp. inhibió significativamente el crecimiento de las colonias de F. graminearum, iii) la combinación de Trichoderma spp. y la biofumigación con B. juncea mostró un efecto sinérgico sobre el control del crecimiento miceliar de F. graminearum. Los resultados in vitro sugieren que el crecimiento de Trichoderma spp. y su potencial efecto de biocontrol sobre F. graminearum, no son afectados por la biofumigación con B. juncea. La utilización combinada de Trichoderma spp. y la biofumigación con B. juncea, tendría un efecto sinérgico sobre el control del crecimiento de F. graminearumThe aims of this work were: to determine feasibility of the combination of two biological control methods: application of antagonistic fungus Trichoderma spp. and biofumigation with the aerial part of Brassica juncea in the end of fruiting stage; to evaluate their effect on the growth of the pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Two doses (5 and 10 g) of triturated plant material from B. juncea were placed in plastic recipients. Petri dishes with potato glucose agar medium 2% and a disc inoculated with F. graminearum, or Trichoderma spp. or both fungi, were placed on top of the plant material. Plastic recipients were then closed and incubated at 25±2°C in darkness for 7 days. After that, the diameter of the colonies was measured. The results indicated that: i) when Trichoderma spp. and F. graminearum were biofumigated separately, fungistatic effect was not observed, ii) without biofumigant, Trichoderma spp. significantly inhibited growth of F. graminearum colonies, iii) the combination of Trichoderma spp. and the biofumigation with B. juncea showed synergic effect on growth control of F. graminearum. These in vitro results suggest that the growth of Trichoderma spp. And its potential biocontrol effect of F. graminearum, are not affected by biofumigation with B. juncea. Also, the combination of Trichoderma spp. and biofumigation with B. juncea, would have synergic effect on growth control of F. graminearum.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnica

Control biológico de Fusarium graminearum: utilización de Trichoderma spp. y biofumigación con parte aérea de Brassica juncea

The aims of this work were: to determine feasibility of the combination of two biological control methods: application of antagonistic fungus Trichoderma spp. and biofumigation with the aerial part of Brassica juncea in the end of fruiting stage; to evaluate their effect on the growth of the pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Two doses (5 and 10 g) of triturated plant material from B. juncea were placed in plastic recipients. Petri dishes with potato glucose agar medium 2% and a disc inoculated with F. graminearum, or Trichoderma spp. or both fungi, were placed on top of the plant material. Plastic recipients were then closed and incubated at 25±2°C in darkness for 7 days. After that, the diameter of the colonies was measured. The results indicated that: i) when Trichoderma spp. and F. graminearum were biofumigated separately, fungistatic effect was not observed, ii) without biofumigant, Trichoderma spp. significantly inhibited growth of F. graminearum colonies, iii) the combination of Trichoderma spp. and the biofumigation with B. juncea showed synergic effect on growth control of F. graminearum. These in vitro results suggest that the growth of Trichoderma spp. and its potential biocontrol effect of F. graminearum, are not affected by biofumigation with B. juncea. Also, the combination of Trichoderma spp. and biofumigation with B. juncea, would have synergic effect on growth control of F. graminearum.Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: determinar la factibilidad de la utilización combinada de dos métodos de control biológico: la aplicación del hongo antagonista Trichoderma spp. y la biofumigación con la parte aérea de Brassica juncea en el estadio de fin de fructificación; evaluar su efecto sobre el crecimiento del patógeno Fusarium graminearum. Se trituraron plantas de B. juncea y se colocaron en recipientes de plástico en dosis de 5 y 10 g. Sobre el material triturado se apoyó una caja de Petri con agar papa glucosado al 2%, que contenía un disco con micelio de F. graminearum o Trichoderma spp. o ambos hongos. Los recipientes de plástico se cerraron e incubaron a 25±2°C en oscuridad durante 7 días. Finalizado este período, se midió el diámetro de las colonias. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: i) cuando se biofumigaron por separado, no se observó efecto fungistático de B. juncea sobre Trichoderma spp. ni sobre F. graminearum; ii) en ausencia del biofumigante, Trichoderma spp. inhibió significativamente el crecimiento de las colonias de F. graminearum, iii) la combinación de Trichoderma spp. y la biofumigación con B. juncea mostró un efecto sinérgico sobre el control del crecimiento miceliar de F. graminearum. Los resultados in vitro sugieren que el crecimiento de Trichoderma spp. y su potencial efecto de biocontrol sobre F. graminearum, no son afectados por la biofumigación con B. juncea. La utilización combinada de Trichoderma spp. y la biofumigación con B. juncea, tendría un efecto sinérgico sobre el control del crecimiento de F. graminearum

Cryptic homoeology analysis in species and hybrids of genus <i>Zea</i>

Cryptic intergenomic pairing of genus Zea was induced by the use of a diluted colchicine solution in order to elucidate the phylogenetic relations and differentiation of the homoeologous genomes. Results indicate that in species and hybrids with 2n = 20, there was chromosome pairing between the homoeologous A and B genomes with a maximum of 5IV, with the exception of Zea diploperennis and their interspecific hybrids where cryptic homoeologous chromosome pairing was not induced. In almost all 2n = 30 hybrids, observed cryptic pairing increased to a maximum of 10III although Z. mays × Z. mays with 2n = 30 did not show significant differences between treated and untreated materials. Pairing was also observed in species and hybrids with 2n = 40, in which a maximum of 10IV was observed, with the exception of Z. mays with 2n = 40 where treated and untreated cells did not differ significantly.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

El índice mitótico como parámetro estimador de la tolerancia a bajas temperaturas durante la germinación de Zea mays

Para la identificación de germoplasmas de maíz (Zea mays L.) tolerantes a bajas temperaturas se utilizan distintas técnicas basadas en la medición de diversas características fenotípicas. El índice mitótico es un parámetro poco explorado y de rápida determinación, que podría ser de gran utilidad para este propósito. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: i) evaluar la tolerancia a frío durante el proceso germinativo de cinco líneas de maíz y un testigo, mediante la medición del índice mitótico, poder germinativo, índice de germinación relativo, longitud de la radícula y relación entre el peso seco de los coleoptiles y el de las raíces y ii) correlacionar el índice mitótico con las otras variables, para determinar su posible utilización como parámetro estimador de tolerancia a bajas temperaturas. Las líneas de maíz evaluadas fueron: SC1, SC3, SC4, SC5, SC9 y el testigo Mo17. Se sembraron entre papeles 50 semillas de cada una de las líneas de maíz y se incubaron a dos regímenes térmicos: 15±1ºC/8±1ºC, 12h/12h luz-oscuridad, durante 24 días (tratamiento a bajas temperaturas) y 30±1ºC/20±1ºC, 12h/12h luz-oscuridad, durante 10 días (control, a temperaturas óptimas). Para cada línea se evaluó el comportamiento a las bajas temperaturas mediante la comparación de los parámetros evaluados en ambos tratamientos térmicos. El genotipo con mayor tolerancia a frío durante el proceso de germinación fue la línea SC1. El índice mitótico se correlacionó con los otros parámetros y podría ser utilizado como una herramienta más para identificar maíces tolerantes a bajas temperaturas durante la germinación.To identify germplasms of maize (Zea mays L.) tolerant to low temperatures are used different techniques of measurement of various phenotypic characteristics. The mitotic index is a parameter poorly explored and of rapid determination, that could be very useful for this purpose. The aims of this study were: i) to evaluate the cold tolerance during germination of five lines of maize and a control, by measuring of mitotic index, germination power, relative germination rate, radicle length and relationship between the dry weight of the coleoptiles and roots and ii) to correlate the mitotic index with the other variables to determine the possibility of their use as estimator parameter of tolerance to low temperatures. Maize lines evaluated were: SC1, SC3, SC4, SC5, SC9 and the control Mo17. In laboratory, 50 seeds of each maize lines were seeded between papers and incubated at two thermal regimes: 15±1ºC/8±1ºC, 12h/12h light-dark, for 24 days (treatment at low temperatures) and 30±1ºC/20±1ºC, 12h/12h light-dark, for 10 days (control, at optimal temperatures). For each line was evaluated the performance to low temperatures by comparing the measured parameters in both thermal treatments. SC1 line was genotype with most cold tolerance during the germination process. The mitotic index was correlated with the other parameters and could be used as instrument to identify maize tolerant to low temperatures during germination.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Biological control of Fusarium graminearum: use of Trichoderma spp. and biofumigation with aerial part ofBrassica juncea

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: determinar la factibilidad de la utilización combinada de dos métodos de control biológico: la aplicación del hongo antagonista Trichoderma spp. y la biofumigación con la parte aérea de Brassica juncea en el estadio de fin de fructificación; evaluar su efecto sobre el crecimiento del patógeno Fusarium graminearum. Se trituraron plantas de B. juncea y se colocaron en recipientes de plástico en dosis de 5 y 10 g. Sobre el material triturado se apoyó una caja de Petri con agar papa glucosado al 2%, que contenía un disco con micelio de F. graminearum o Trichoderma spp. o ambos hongos. Los recipientes de plástico se cerraron e incubaron a 25±2°C en oscuridad durante 7 días. Finalizado este período, se midió el diámetro de las colonias. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: i) cuando se biofumigaron por separado, no se observó efecto fungistático de B. juncea sobre Trichoderma spp. ni sobre F. graminearum; ii) en ausencia del biofumigante, Trichoderma spp. inhibió significativamente el crecimiento de las colonias de F. graminearum, iii) la combinación de Trichoderma spp. y la biofumigación con B. juncea mostró un efecto sinérgico sobre el control del crecimiento miceliar de F. graminearum. Los resultados in vitro sugieren que el crecimiento de Trichoderma spp. y su potencial efecto de biocontrol sobre F. graminearum, no son afectados por la biofumigación con B. juncea. La utilización combinada de Trichoderma spp. y la biofumigación con B. juncea, tendría un efecto sinérgico sobre el control del crecimiento de F. graminearumThe aims of this work were: to determine feasibility of the combination of two biological control methods: application of antagonistic fungus Trichoderma spp. and biofumigation with the aerial part of Brassica juncea in the end of fruiting stage; to evaluate their effect on the growth of the pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Two doses (5 and 10 g) of triturated plant material from B. juncea were placed in plastic recipients. Petri dishes with potato glucose agar medium 2% and a disc inoculated with F. graminearum, or Trichoderma spp. or both fungi, were placed on top of the plant material. Plastic recipients were then closed and incubated at 25±2°C in darkness for 7 days. After that, the diameter of the colonies was measured. The results indicated that: i) when Trichoderma spp. and F. graminearum were biofumigated separately, fungistatic effect was not observed, ii) without biofumigant, Trichoderma spp. significantly inhibited growth of F. graminearum colonies, iii) the combination of Trichoderma spp. and the biofumigation with B. juncea showed synergic effect on growth control of F. graminearum. These in vitro results suggest that the growth of Trichoderma spp. And its potential biocontrol effect of F. graminearum, are not affected by biofumigation with B. juncea. Also, the combination of Trichoderma spp. and biofumigation with B. juncea, would have synergic effect on growth control of F. graminearum.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnica