67 research outputs found
Toxicity of Vernonia anthelmintica Linn. (Asteracea) seeds against mosquitoes vectors
The Toxicological activity (larvicidal, adulticidal and repellent toxicity) of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds fraction was tested against different species of mosquito vectors viz, malaria (Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles stephensi), filaria (Culex quinquefasciatus) and dengue (Aedes aegypti). The larvicidal toxicity of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds fraction was evaluated against the early 4th instars larvae of different mosquitoes species. Mean LC50 value of the column fraction KAL-4 from seeds of V. anthelmintica against the larvae of An. culicifacies, An. stephensi, Culex quinquifaciatus and Aedes aegpyti were found to be 64 ppm, 70 ppm, 143 ppm and 166 ppm respectively. The larvicidal toxicity was more against An. culicifacies, An. stephensi than Culex quinquifaciatus and Aedes aegypti. The seed extracts did not show any adulticidal toxicity and repellent toxicity even at 10% concentrated impregnated paper and 5% on human hand, respectively
Evaluation of Daphnia Magna as an Indicator of Toxicity and Treatment Efficacy of Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant
Performance evaluation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with
special reference to toxicity reduction using Daphnia magna straus as
test organism is very important to study the likely adverse effects of
the treated wastewater on the aquatic ecosystem of receiving waters and
to detect common environmentally realistic concentrations of pollutants
at different concentration levels and toxicity discriminatory ability
to distinguish different degree of toxicity and toxic specificity of
the compounds on target organisms. This test can be considered as
useful analytical tool for screening of chemical analysis and early
warning system to monitor the different operational units of wastewater
treatment plants. Interrelationship between COD, SS with respect to
Daphnia toxicity (Gd) suggests that improvement of the toxicological
quality of wastewater could be linked to the removal of both COD and
suspended solids. Both the parameters (COD & SS) can serve as a
regulatory tool in lieu of an explicit toxicological standard. An
important feature of this work was to emphasize the significance of
toxicity tests. It could help to reduce influent toxicity and thereby
avoid impacting microorganisms\u2019 population in activated sludge
systems. This study shows the difference between using physico-chemical
and biological criteria to define the quality or toxicity of
wastewater, making it clear that both methods are indispensable and
complimentary and support the earlier view that Daphnia magna can serve
as a valuable model for bio- monitoring of water pollution and for
evaluation of the toxicity of an effluent and risk assessment in an
aquatic body, as it is highly sensitive to pollutants
Reflection of electrons from a domain wall in magnetic nanojunctions
Electronic transport through thin and laterally constrained domain walls in
ferromagnetic nanojunctions is analyzed theoretically. The description is
formulated in the basis of scattering states. The resistance of the domain wall
is calculated in the regime of strong electron reflection from the wall. It is
shown that the corresponding magnetoresistance can be large, which is in a
qualitative agreement with recent experimental observations. We also calculate
the spin current flowing through the wall and the spin polarization of electron
gas due to reflections from the domain wall.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure
Modified generalized pushover analysis for estimating longitudinal seismic demands of bridges with elevated pile foundation systems
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Nonlinear dynamic analysis of masonry buildings and definition of seismic damage states
A large part of the building stock in seismic-prone areas worldwide are masonry structures that have been designed without seismic design considerations. Proper seismic assessment of such structures is quite a challenge, particularly so if their response well into the inelastic range, up to local or global failure, has to be predicted, as typically required in fragility analysis. A critical issue in this respect is the absence of rigid diaphragm action (due to the presence of relatively flexible floors), which renders particularly cumbersome the application of popular and convenient nonlinear analysis methods like the static pushover analysis. These issues are addressed in this paper that focusses on a masonry building representative of Southern European practice, which is analysed in both its pristine condition and after applying retrofitting schemes typical of those implemented in pre-earthquake strengthening programmes. Nonlinear behaviour is evaluated using dynamic response-history analysis, which is found to be more effective and even easier to apply in this type of building wherein critical modes are of a local nature, due to the absence of diaphragm action. Fragility curves are then derived for both the initial and the strengthened building, exploring alternative definitions of seismic damage states, including some proposals originating from recent international research programmes
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