48 research outputs found

    Evolution du contrôle parlementaire des forces armées en Europe

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    Depuis plusieurs années, la question du contrôle parlementaire des forces armées est devenue en Europe un enjeu important du débat public et politique. L’attention s’est notamment portée sur le contrôle des opérations extérieures et du renseignement, qui ont donné lieu à plusieurs initiatives parlementaires depuis la fin des années 1990 : rapports, projets de loi, missions d’information. Mais ce contrôle est désormais soumis à d’importantes mutations. Certaines ont trait à l’évolution des forces armées et de leurs missions, notamment l’internationalisation des usages de la force armée dans le cadre d’alliance ou d’opérations en coalition. D’autres sont liées à l’évolution plus fondamentale du Parlementarisme en Europe, généralement centrée sur la thématique du déclin des assemblées législatives face à la montée en puissance des exécutifs. Ces dynamiques affectent négativement les capacités de contrôle du Parlement sur les armées et la politique de défense alors même qu’elles en renforcent la nécessité. À partir d’une vaste étude à la fois quantitative (questions au gouvernement) et qualitative (entretiens au sein des commissions parlementaires) menée au Royaume-Uni, en Allamagne, en Espagne, en Suède et en France, Bastien Irondelle, Olivier Rozenberg, Catherine Hoeffler, Jean Joana, Olivier Chopin et Christian Olsson montrent comment les Parlements cherchent à renforcer leurs fonctions de contrôle du gouvernement et de l’exécutif dans une Europe en pleine mutation face à l’usage de la force

    Evolution du contrôle parlementaire des forces armées en Europe:Rapport d’étude pour le C2SD

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    L’Institut de recherche stratégique de l’École militaire a pour mission de produire et de valoriser la recherche sur les questions de défense. Il favorise une analyse pluridisciplinaire, croisant les regards des chercheurs universitaires et des militaires, des observateurs et des acteurs des grandes questions stratégiques. En collaboration avec les principales composantes du ministère (État-major des armées, Enseignement militaire supérieur, Délégation aux affaires stratégiques, Secrétariat général pour l’Administration, Direction générale de l’Armement), et en lien avec le tissu français et international de la réflexion stratégique, l’Institut renouvelle les perspectives conceptuelles, encourage une nouvelle génération de chercheurs sur ces domaines, participe à l’enseignement militaire, et fait rayonner la pensée stratégique française par des partenariats internationaux. (Premier paragraphe

    Argon behaviour in an inverted Barrovian sequence, Sikkim Himalaya: the consequences of temperature and timescale on <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar mica geochronology

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    40Ar/39Ar dating of metamorphic rocks sometimes yields complicated datasets which are difficult to interpret in terms of timescales of the metamorphic cycle. Single-grain fusion and step-heating data were obtained for rocks sampled through a major thrust-sense shear zone (the Main Central Thrust) and the associated inverted metamorphic zone in the Sikkim region of the eastern Himalaya. This transect provides a natural laboratory to explore factors influencing apparent 40Ar/39Ar ages in similar lithologies at a variety of metamorphic pressure and temperature (P–T) conditions. The 40Ar/39Ar dataset records progressively younger apparent age populations and a decrease in within-sample dispersion with increasing temperature through the sequence. The white mica populations span ~ 2–9 Ma within each sample in the structurally lower levels (garnet grade) but only ~ 0–3 Ma at structurally higher levels (kyanite-sillimanite grade). Mean white mica single-grain fusion population ages vary from 16.2 ± 3.9 Ma (2σ) to 13.2 ± 1.3 Ma (2σ) from lowest to highest levels. White mica step-heating data from the same samples yields plateau ages from 14.27 ± 0.13 Ma to 12.96 ± 0.05 Ma. Biotite yield older apparent age populations with mean single-grain fusion dates varying from 74.7 ± 11.8 Ma (2σ) at the lowest structural levels to 18.6 ± 4.7 Ma (2σ) at the highest structural levels; the step-heating plateaux are commonly disturbed. Temperatures > 600 °C at pressures of 0.4–0.8 GPa sustained over > 5 Ma, appear to be required for white mica and biotite ages to be consistent with diffusive, open-system cooling. At lower temperatures, and/or over shorter metamorphic timescales, more 40Ar is retained than results from simple diffusion models suggest. Diffusion modelling of Ar in white mica from the highest structural levels suggests that the high-temperature rocks cooled at a rate of ~ 50–80 °C Ma− 1, consistent with rapid thrusting, extrusion and exhumation along the Main Central Thrust during the mid-Miocene

    Three new PAX6 mutations including one causing an unusual ophthalmic phenotype associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities

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    The PAX6 gene was first described as a candidate for human aniridia. However, PAX6 expression is not restricted to the eye and it appears to be crucial for brain development. We studied PAX6 mutations in a large spectrum of patients who presented with aniridia phenotypes, Peters' anomaly, and anterior segment malformations associated or not with neurological anomalies.Journal ArticleResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tSCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

    Pharmacological Alterations of Anxious Behaviour in Mice Depending on Both Strain and the Behavioural Situation

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    A previous study comparing non-emotive mice from the strain C57BL/6/ByJ with ABP/Le mice showed ABP/Le to be more anxious in an open-field situation. In the present study, several compounds affecting anxiety were assayed on ABP/Le and C57BL/6/ByJ mice using three behavioural models of anxiety: the elevated plus-maze, the light-dark discrimination test and the free exploratory paradigm. The compounds used were the full benzodiazepine receptor agonist, chlordiazepoxide, and the antagonist, flumazenil, the GABAA antagonist, bicuculline, the full 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT, and the mixed 5-HT1A/5-HT1B agonist, RU 24969. Results showed the effect of the compounds to be dependent on both the strain and the behavioural task. Several compounds found to be anxiolytic in ABP/Le mice had an anxiogenic effect on C57BL/6/ByJ mice. More behavioural changes were observed for ABP/Le in the elevated plus-maze, but the clearest findings for C57BL/6/ByJ mice were observed in the light-dark discrimination apparatus. These data demonstrate that anxious behaviour is a complex phenomenon which cannot be described by a single behavioural task nor by the action of a single compound

    Questionner l’articulation de la classe et d’autres espaces

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    Les contributions réunies dans l’atelier 2 permettent de poser la question des liens entre l’espace de la classe comme espace didactique institué et les espaces non scolaires où des phénomènes de diffusion des savoirs peuvent être intentionnellement mis en œuvre. La lecture des textes retenus montre toutefois que ce que l’on peut nommer ici « articulation de différents espaces pour les didactiques » recouvre en fait deux réalités : l’articulation d’espaces géographiques d’une part (ce sont de..

    Not Only a Battleground: Parliamentary Oral Questions Concerning Defence Policies in Four Western Democracies

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    Oral questions are usually seen as a procedure designed for political conflict. Yet question time may serve other purposes depending on the institutional setting, the political context and the policy field. By comparing the use of oral questions on the defence issue in the national parliaments of four Western democracies, the paper identifies a specific characteristic of questioning in each lower house: political conflict in Germany, internal dissent in the United Kingdom, reward of policy expertise in Spain and local issues in France. Such diverse uses of questioning procedures impact differently on the quality of the accountability process

    Not Only a Battleground: Parliamentary Oral Questions Concerning Defence Policies in Four Western Democracies

    No full text
    Oral questions are usually seen as a procedure designed for political conflict. Yet question time may serve other purposes depending on the institutional setting, the political context and the policy field. By comparing the use of oral questions on the defence issue in the national parliaments of four Western democracies, the paper identifies a specific characteristic of questioning in each lower house: political conflict in Germany, internal dissent in the United Kingdom, reward of policy expertise in Spain and local issues in France. Such diverse uses of questioning procedures impact differently on the quality of the accountability process
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