Numerical study on run-up heights of solitary wave with hydrodynamic pressure model

For many shallow water flows, it is sufficient to consider the depth-averaged equations, referred as the shallow water equations, which are two-dimensional in the horizontal plane, since the length scale of the vertical direction is much smaller than that of the horizontal directions. Assuming that the pressure distribution is hydrostatic, the mathematical formulation and its numerical implementation are considerably simplified. In this study, a numerical model is newly developed to investigate various free surface fl ow problems. The governing equations are the Navier???Stokes equations with the pressure decomposed into the sum of a hydrostatic and a hydrodynamic components. The equation for the free surface movement is a depth???averaged continuity equation which is a free surface equation. These governing equations are simultaneously solved by using a finite difference method with a semi???implicit method and fractional step method. At the first step, the vertical momentum equations are discretized by using an implicit method over the vertical direction. In the second step, the discrete horizontal momentum equations are projected on to the free surface equation. Finally, the hydrodynamic pressure and final velocity field are calculated. To verify the accuracy and stability, the present numerical model is applied to move practical problems such as the run???up process of solitary waves attacking a circular island. The numerically obtained maximum run???up heights around a circular island are compared with available laboratory measurements. A very reasonable agreement is observed

Development of the deep flexor tendons and lumbricalis muscle in the hand and foot: a histological study using human mid-term fetuses

To revisit fetal development of the deep flexor tendons of the hand and foot, we examined the paraffin-embedded histology of 20 mid-term fetuses at 8-15 weeks of estimated gestational age (35-118 mm crown-rump length or CRL). At 8-9 weeks, in front of the metacarpal bones, the flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus muscles provided a plate-like, common tendon from which the lumbricalis muscles originated. However, in the foot, we had no evidence of such a common tendon. The flexor pollicis tendon was separated from the common tendon at 9-10 weeks possibly due to a mechanical stress from the laterally growing thumb. Notably, at the lumbricalis muscle origins at 10-12 weeks, the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum longus tendons remained undifferentiated and the primitive tenocytes were dispersed from them. The dispersed cells seemed to develop into an interface tissue between the lumbricalis muscle fiber and the deep tendon. In 3 of 5 specimens at 15 weeks, we found excess number of the flexor digitorum profundus tendons (5-7) in the proximal side of the lumbricalis muscle origin. However, the excess tendons dispersed in the lumbricalis muscle origin. The development of the lumbricalis muscle origin might follow the tendon splitting for 4 fingers. However, conversely, we hypothesized that the developing lumbricalis muscles re-arranged the deep flexor tendons to provide a configuration of “one deep tendon per one finger (or toe)”. The quadrates plantae muscle seemed not to contribute on the re-arrangement

Random wave loads on a long detached breakwater considering diffraction

Battjes (1982) found the loads of short-crested random waves on a long structure decrease with the structure length and also with the obliqueness of wave incidence. These decreases come from the spatial phase difference along the structure. Lee et al. (2010) found that obliquely incident random waves in a nearshore area become directionally asymmetric due to refraction. They also found the asymmetry becomes more significant in shallower waters. Recently, Jung et al. (2011) studied random wave loads on a long structure considering diffraction and directional asymmetry. In this study, we further study random wave loads on a detached breakwater considering diffraction of waves which propagate at both ends of the breakwater. We also consider directional asymmetry. The structure may be placed along the bottom contours in order to protect on-shore incoming waves. In that case, refraction induced random waves may become asymmetric, i.e., on-shore components are more dominant than along-shore ones. Therefore, directional obliqueness on the structure becomes less and thus the wave loads decrease in less degree than the symmetric waves. When waves are obliquely incident on a long structure, the diffract ing waves give forces on the lee side of the structure. The diffracting wave has a spatial phase variation along the lee side which is different from that the obliquely incident wave has on the front side. Thus, the wave loads decrease with the existence of diffract ing waves and also the phase difference between the incident and diffracting waves

Slowly rotating black holes in the Horava-Lifshitz gravity

We investigate slowly rotating black holes in the Ho\v{r}ava-Lifshitz (HL) gravity. For $\Lambda_W=0$ and $\lambda=1$, we find a slowly rotating black hole of the Kehagias-Sfetsos solution in asymptotically flat spacetimes. We discuss their thermodynamic properties by computing mass, temperature, angular momentum, and angular velocity on the horizon.Comment: 12 pages, no figures, version to appear in EPJ

Electrochemical De-intercalation, Oxygen Non-stoichiometry, and Crystal Growth of NaxCoO2-d

We report a detailed study of de-intercalation of Na from the compound NaxCoO2-d using an electrochemical technique. We find evidence for stable phases with Na contents near the fractions ~1/3, 1/2, 5/8, 2/3, and 3/4. Details regarding the floating-zone crystal growth of Na0.75CoO2 single crystals are discussed as well as results from magnetic susceptibility measurements. We observe the presence of significant oxygen deficiencies in powder samples of Na0.75CoO2-d prepared in air, but not in single crystal samples prepared in an oxygen atmosphere. The oxygen deficiencies in a Na0.75CoO2-d sample with d ~ 0.08 remain even after electrochemically de-intercalating to Na0.3CoO2-d.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

U(1) Gauge Field of the Kaluza-Klein Theory in the Presence of Branes

We investigate the zero mode dimensional reduction of the Kaluza-Klein unifications in the presence of a single brane in the infinite extra dimension. We treat the brane as fixed, not a dynamical object, and do not require the orbifold symmetry. It seems that, contrary to the standard Kaluza-Klein models, the 4D effective action is no longer invariant under the U(1) gauge transformations due to the explicit breaking of isometries in the extra dimension by the brane. Surprisingly, however, the linearized perturbation analysis around the RS vacuum shows that the Kaluza-Klein gauge field does possess the U(1) gauge symmetry at the linear level. In addition, the graviscalar also behaves differently from the 4D point of view. Some physical implications of our results are also discussed.Comment: 10 pages, revtex, no figure, version to appear in Phys. Rev. D, possible caveats of our results due to the zero mode ansatz we used are explained in more detai

Response of an Indented Square Tube under Impact Loading

The dynamic buckling of the square tube with a V-shape indent under impact loading was investigated by experimental and numerical methods. The collapse modes of square tubes with different locations of indentation points were obtained experimentally. Numerical calculations of each experimental load case were conducted to analyze the effect of the indentation point location on the crush force and energy absorption of the tube. Numerical results agree well with the experimental ones. The results show that the indentation point location exerts a significant influence on the crush force and energy absorption. Compared to an indentation-free tube, the peak force of the indented tube is evidently reduced. The collapse process of the tube includes two buckling steps. The first one begins from the indentation either forward or backward with respect to the end until the folds are densified, then the second buckling starts backward or forward, which results in a second peak force in the collapse process.Динамическое коробление квадратной трубки с V-образным отпечатком в условиях ударного нагружения исследовано экспериментальными и численными методами. Режимы сплющивания квадратных трубок с различным расположением точек индентирования реализовывали экспериментально. Выполнены численные расчеты каждого случая экспериментального нагружения с целью анализа влияния месторасположения точки индентирования на разрушающее усилие и энергию поглощения квадратной трубки. Численные результаты хорошо согласуются с экспериментом. Установлено, что расположение точки индентирования оказывает значительное влияние на разрушающее усилие и энергию поглощения. По сравнению с неиндентированной трубкой максимальное усилие, действующее на индентированную трубку, явно уменьшается. Процесс сплющивания трубки включает два этапа коробления. Первый начинается с индентирования вперед или назад относительно конца до тех пор, пока не происходит уплотнения складок, второй осуществляется назад или вперед , что создает в результате второе максимальное усилие

Explosive Percolation in the Human Protein Homology Network

We study the explosive character of the percolation transition in a real-world network. We show that the emergence of a spanning cluster in the Human Protein Homology Network (H-PHN) exhibits similar features to an Achlioptas-type process and is markedly different from regular random percolation. The underlying mechanism of this transition can be described by slow-growing clusters that remain isolated until the later stages of the process, when the addition of a small number of links leads to the rapid interconnection of these modules into a giant cluster. Our results indicate that the evolutionary-based process that shapes the topology of the H-PHN through duplication-divergence events may occur in sudden steps, similarly to what is seen in first-order phase transitions.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure

Continuous Percolation Phase Transitions of Two-dimensional Lattice Networks under a Generalized Achlioptas Process

The percolation phase transitions of two-dimensional lattice networks under a generalized Achlioptas process (GAP) are investigated. During the GAP, two edges are chosen randomly from the lattice and the edge with minimum product of the two connecting cluster sizes is taken as the next occupied bond with a probability $p$. At $p=0.5$, the GAP becomes the random growth model and leads to the minority product rule at $p=1$. Using the finite-size scaling analysis, we find that the percolation phase transitions of these systems with $0.5 \le p \le 1$ are always continuous and their critical exponents depend on $p$. Therefore, the universality class of the critical phenomena in two-dimensional lattice networks under the GAP is related to the probability parameter $p$ in addition.Comment: 7 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in Eur. Phys. J.

Registration of 'Jeokwangtangkong' Peanut

'Jeokwangtangkong' peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp.fastigiata var. vulgaris) (Reg. no. CV-63, PI607913 is a spanish-type developed at the International Crops Research Insitute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India It was introduced into the Republic Of Korea in 1989 as ICGV 86326. After five years of evaluaton, it was released in 1996 as Jeokwangtangkong for cultivation in Korea