The effect of a carbohydrate mouth rinse on performance of the yo-yo intermittent recovery level 1 test with female university level hockey players

It has been suggested that carbohydrate mouth rinse (CHO-MR) effects short duration, high intensity exercise by activation of sensory receptors on the tongue (Carter et al., 2004: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36, 2107–2111). Research has predominately focused on the effects of CHO-MR on the performance of cycling and running time trials (Painelli et al., 2010: Nutritional Journal, 9, 1-4). Limited research has been conducted on the effectiveness of a CHO-MR on intermittent high-intensity field-based sports performance. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of a CHO mouth rinse on performance of the Yo-yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 Test (IR1T) with female University standard hockey players. Following ethical approval, twelve members (mean age 20 ± 0.98 years, stature 167 ± 7.09 cm, and body mass 64.7 ± 4.96 kg) of the University of Lincoln’s female 1st team volunteered for the study. The study used a single-blind counter-balanced design with repeated measures on two treatment conditions: 1) a CHO-MR, and 2) a placebo mouth rinse (PL-MR). Participants were instructed to maintain a normal diet and fasted for 12hr prior to testing. After a familiarisation test, twelve participants completed the IR1T twice, one week apart; rinsing with either a CHO-MR or PL-MR. Administration occurred before (20min prior) the IR1T and during the 10s active recovery periods, at intervals (IV) which corresponded to five level increments in speed (IV1-13.5km/h, IV2-14km/h, IV3-14.5km/h, IV4-15km/h, IV5-15km/h). At these points, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded using the traditional Borg scale. Total distance (m) achieved was recorded as the performance measure. A dependent t-test did not detect any performance improvement (P = >0.05) between CHO-MR (1060 ± 273m) and PL-MR (1127 ± 402m) trials. Multiple dependent t-tests revealed that at the first IV (SL 12.1), RPE scores were significantly different (P = 0.006) between CHO-MR (10.9 ± 0.79) and PL-MR (11.4 ± 1.08) trials. No differences were detected between CHO-MR and PL-MR trials during the rest of the protocol (IV2-5, all P = >0.05). A CHO-MR had no effect on IR1T test performance with female university level hockey players compared to a PL-MR. The participants did not experience any differences in the feeling of exertion between the two conditions as the IR1T progressed. Further research needs to illuminate any possible performance effects from CHO-MR with intermittent high intensity activity, revealing any plausible physiological mechanisms of action

The addition of whey protein to a carbohydrate–electrolyte drink does not influence post-exercise rehydration

The addition of whey protein to a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink has been shown to enhance post-exercise rehydration when a volume below that recommended for full fluid balance restoration is provided. We investigated if this held true when volumes sufficient to restore fluid balance were consumed, and if differences might be explained by changes in plasma albumin content. Sixteen participants lost ~1.9% of their pre- exercise body mass by cycling in the heat and rehydrated with 150% of body mass lost with either a 60 g·L-1 carbohydrate drink (CHO) or a 60 g·L-1 carbohydrate, 20 g·L-1 whey protein isolate drink (CHO-P). Urine and blood samples were collected pre-exercise, post-exercise, post- rehydration and every hour for 4 h post-rehydration. There was no difference between trials for total urine production (CHO 1057±319 mL; CHO-P 970±334 mL; P=0.209), drink retention (CHO 51±12%; CHO-P 55±15%; P=0.195) or net fluid balance (CHO -393±272 mL; CHO-P - 307±331 mL; P=0.284). Plasma albumin content relative to pre-exercise was increased from 2-4 h during CHO-P only. These results demonstrate that the addition of whey protein isolate to a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink neither enhances nor inhibits rehydration. Therefore, where post- exercise protein ingestion might benefit recovery, this can be consumed without effecting rehydration

Effects of Chocolate Milk Supplementation on Recovery from Cycling Exercise and Subsequent Time Trial Performance

PURPOSE: Supplementing with carbohydrate plus protein following strenuous endurance exercise has been found to improve both recovery and subsequent aerobic endurance performance beyond that of a carbohydrate supplement alone. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of chocolate milk (CM), an isocaloric carbohydrate only supplement (CHO), and placebo (PLA) on markers of endurance exercise recovery and subsequent time trial performance in trained cyclists. METHODS: Ten trained male and female cyclists (5 males, 5 females) performed 3 trials in which they first cycled for 1.5 h at 70% of VO2max, followed by 10 min of intervals that alternated 45% and 90% VO2max. They then recovered in the laboratory for 4 h, and performed a 40 km time trial (TT). The supplements were provided immediately after the first bout and 2 h into the recovery period. Treatments were administered using a double-blind randomized design. RESULTS: TT time was significantly shorter in CM than CHO and PLA (79.43±2.11 vs. 85.74±3.44 and 86.92±3.28 min, respectively, p=\u3c.05). Significant treatment differences were found for plasma insulin, glucose, free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol. Plasma insulin levels were significantly lower in CM than CHO at recovery time points R45 (47.30±10.54 vs. 58.71±6.01 &#;U/ml, p\u3c.05), R120 (14.32±1.34 vs. 22.53±3.37 &#;U/ml, p\u3c.05) and REnd (15.57±1.53 vs. 34.35±4.55 &#;U/ml, p\u3c.05). Plasma glucose was significantly lower in CM than CHO at recovery time points R45 (76.61±3.08 vs. 101.65±3.47 mg/dL, p\u3c.05) and R120 (74.72±2.22 vs. 81.46±4.87 mg/dL, p\u3c.05). While FFA and glycerol were both higher in PLA than in CM and CHO overall (p\u3c.05 for both), FFA and glycerol were higher in CM than in CHO (p\u3c.05 for both) during recovery and at TTEnd. Blood lactate was significantly higher at R45 and TTEnd in both CM and CHO than in PLA, but no differences were found between CM and CHO. No significant treatment differences were found for myoglobin, CPK, cortisol, and 5 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-&#;, IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, and IL-1Ra). CONCLUSIONS: Chocolate milk provided during recovery can improve subsequent time trial performance in trained cyclists more effectively than an isocaloric CHO supplement. This may be due to a faster rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis

Analysis of DNA DSB repair and production stability in CHO cells

Poster Number 13 ANALYSIS OF DNA DSB REPAIR AND PRODUCTION STABILITY IN CHO CELLS Xiaolin Zhang, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware [email protected] Kelvin H. Lee, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware Key Words: CHO cell, DSB repair, heterologous expression, production instability. Productivity of recombinant proteins in CHO cell lines often decreases over long-term cultivation. This production instability limits the use of CHO-based platforms and can negatively impact the capability of a manufacturing process to meet market demands. A method to prevent the production loss during long-term cultivation is highly desirable. Genome instability can reduce transgene copy number and is reported as a major cause for production instability. We hypothesize that the DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair system in CHO is deficient and associated with both genome and production instabilities. Our results indicated that CHO cells had a lower DSB repair rate compared to the bEnd.3 mouse endothelial cell line, which is consistent with our hypothesis. The ability to improve DSB repair in CHO may provide a strategy to prevent production instability. Therefore, we tested heterologous expression of eight DSB repair-related genes, and found that four genes could significantly improve DSB repair in CHO cells. To further assess the impact of improved DSB repair on protein production, each of the four heterologous genes was stably expressed in a secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) producing cell line, and SEAP production in single clones was evaluated over three months in the absence of methotrexate (MTX). Our results showed that productivity correlated strongly with the SEAP copy number, and two heterologous genes could substantially improve the production retention during long-term cultivation

Mobility management in 5G for high-speed trains

High-speed trains (HST) are nowadays more present in our lives currently, some of them can reach speeds up to 500 km/h and futuristic concepts such as hyperloop tunnels could make trains travel at speeds up to 1000 km/h. Dealing with such high speeds arises many communication problems, for example, in mobility management, with many handovers or high Doppler frequency shifts. You might be thinking how it is possible to provide a good QoS to the users inside the train, when traveling at such elevated velocities. In the thesis, we rely on the development of 5G New Radio and the benefits associated, such as a new handover protocol introduced by 3GPP called conditional handover (CHO). By simulating with Simu5G a HST scenario we have proved that CHO can provide a better service to the users by improving the SINR levels and being more efficient than common handover.Los trenes de alta velocidad están cada vez más presentes en nuestro día a día, algunos ya alcanzan velocidades de 500 km/h, mientras que otros conceptos futuristas como los túneles hyperloop podrían hacer que alcanzaran velocidades de hasta 1000 km/h. En el ámbito de las telecomunicaciones, trabajar a tan altas velocidades conlleva algunos problemas, como por ejemplo un elevado número de handovers. Seguramente, os estéis preguntando cómo es posible establecer un servicio que cumpla unos mínimos de calidad para el usuario, cuando este viaja a tan altas velocidades. Para ello, nos hemos apoyado en la tecnología 5G i un nuevo concepto de handover llamado conditional handover (CHO), introducido por el 3GPP. A través del simulador Simu5G, hemos conseguido demostrar que el CHO no solo es un protocolo más eficiente, sino que además conlleva una mejora en los niveles de SINR, en condiciones parecidas a las de un tren de alta velocidad.Els trens d'alta velocitat estan cada vegada més presents en el nostre dia a dia, alguns ja son capaços d'arribar a velocitats pròximes als 500 km/h, mentre que altres conceptes futuristes com els túnels hyperloop podrien fer que els trens arribessin a velocitats de 1000 km/h. En l'àmbit de les comunicacions, treballar amb velocitats tan elevades comporta alguns problemes, com per exemple un ampli número de handovers. Segurament, estareu pensant com es possible establir un servei que compleixi uns mínims de qualitat de cara a l'usuari, al estar treballant amb velocitats tant elevades. Per fer-ho ens hem recolzat en la tecnologia 5G i un nou concepte de handover presentat pel 3GPP, el conditional handover (CHO). Simulant a través de Simu5G un escenari similar al d'un tren d'alta velocitat, hem pogut demostrar que el CHO no es només un protocol més eficient que el handover normal, sinó que a més a més millora els nivells de SINR

Tailoring antibody glycosylation via integrating genome and protein engineering to generate preferred glycoforms on the Fc region

One critical quality attribute of therapeutic antibodies is the glycosylation pattern at the Fc region.We combined genome editing of CHO cells and protein engineering of the IgG Fc region to allow antibodies presenting high level of galactosylation or exclusively α-2,6 sialylation. To generate IgG with high α-2,6 sialylation, we combined amino acid mutations in the Fc region of IgG and introduction of α-2,6 sialyltransferase in CHO to produce IgGs with significant levels of both α-2,6 and α-2,3 sialylation. Furthermore, to produce exclusively α-2,6 sialylation IgG in CHO, CRISPR/Cas9 was implemented to disrupt two dominant α-2,3 sialyltransferase genes (ST3GAL4 and ST3GAL6), then α-2,6 sialyltransferewas introduced in a α-2,3 sialylation knockout cell line. Notably, no α-2,3 linked sialic acids of IgG produced from the α-2,3 sialyltransferase knockout-α-2,6 sialyltransferase overexpression pools were detected by HPLC sialic acid quantification after the α-2,3 linkage specific sialidase cleavage. Finally, glycosylation analysis of IgG with four amino acid mutations generated by an α-2,3 sialyltransferase knockout-α-2,6 sialyltransferase overexpression stable CHO clone rendered \u3e75% of sialylated glycans, among which 62.5 % was biantennary disialylated glycans. Interestingly, the disruption of two α-2,3 sialyltransferases (ST3GAL4 and ST3GAL6) from CHO cells in conjunction with protein engineering of the Fc region produced IgGs with a great majority of bigalactosylated and fucosylated (G2F) glycoforms. Expression of the IgG with engineered Fc region (F241A) in triple gene knockout (FuT8-/-, ST3GAL4-/- and ST3GAL6-/-) CHO cells lowered the galactosylation content to 65% bigalactosylated glycoform (G2). However, overexpression of IgGs with four amino acid substitutions from the α-2,3 sialyltransferases knocked out CHO cells reconstituted the fraction of G2 glycoform back up to approximately 80%. Collectively, this study, to our knowledge, is the first attempt for generating highly galactosylated or solely α-2,6 sialylated N-glycans on antibodies in vivo, allowing researchers in both academia and industry to evaluate the significance of tailoring glycosylation on IgGs in biomedicine and biotechnology applications. References: Chung CY, Wang Q, Yang S, Ponce SA, Kirsch BJ, Zhang H, Betenbaugh MJ. Combinatorial genome and protein engineering yields monoclonal antibodies with hypergalactosylation from CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2017 Jul 7 Chung CY, Wang Q, Yang S, Yin B, Zhang H, Betenbaugh M. Integrated Genome and Protein Editing Swaps α-2,6 Sialylation for α-2,3 Sialic Acid on Recombinant Antibodies from CHO. Biotechnol J. 2017 Feb;12(2

Meta-learning

In: Encyclopedia of Systems Biology, W. Dubitzky, O. Wolkenhauer, K-H Cho, H. Yokota (Eds.), Springer 2011Meta-learning methods are aimed at automatic discovery of interesting models of data. They belong to a branch of Machine Learning that tries to replace human experts involved in the Data Mining process of creating various computational models learning from data

h analogue of Newton's binomial formula

In this letter, the $h$--analogue of Newton's binomial formula is obtained in the $h$--deformed quantum plane which does not have any $q$--analogue. For $h=0$, this is just the usual one as it should be. Furthermore, the binomial coefficients reduce to $\frac{n!}{(n-k)!}$ for $h=1$. \\ Some properties of the $h$--binomial coefficients are also given. \\ Finally, I hope that such results will contribute to an introduction of the $h$--analogue of the well--known functions, $h$--special functions and $h$--deformed analysis.Comment: 6 pages, latex Jounal-ref: J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 31 (1998) L75

Knot Topology of QCD Vacuum

We show that one can express the knot equation of Skyrme theory completely in terms of the vacuum potential of SU(2) QCD, in such a way that the equation is viewed as a generalized Lorentz gauge condition which selects one vacuum for each class of topologically equivalent vacua. From this we show that there are three ways to describe the QCD vacuum (and thus the knot), by a non-linear sigma field, a complex vector field, or by an Abelian gauge potential. This tells that the QCD vacuum can be classified by an Abelian gauge potential with an Abelian Chern-Simon index.Comment: 4 page

Improving transient gene expression in CHO-EBNA1 cells

For pre-clinical evaluation of biotherapeutic candidates, protein production by transient gene expression (TGE) in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells offers important advantages, including the capability of rapidly generating recombinant proteins that are highly similar to those produced in stable CHO clones used for biomanufacturing. The higher cost of reagents necessary for TGE, specifically the requirement for large amounts of purified DNA and transfection agent for each production, means that improving the performance of CHO TGE could substantially augment the method’s utility. In the current study, we have established a novel CHO clone (CHO-3E7) expressing a form of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1). Transfection of EBNA-1-expressing cells with plasmid vectors encoding the Epstein-Barr virus OriP sequence boosted TGE productivity relative to parental CHO cells. Taking advantage of a new transfection-compatible media formulation that permits prolonged, high-density culture in shake flasks, we optimized transfection parameters (plasmid vector and polyethylenimine concentrations) and post-transfection culture conditions to establish a new, high-performing process for rapid protein production. The growth media is chemically defined, and a single hydrolysate feed is added at 24 h post-transfection, followed by periodic glucose supplementation. This method gave a maximum yield of 900 mg/L (for the chimeric IgG4 B72-3 mAb), with an average of 570 mg/L (standard deviation: 250 mg/L) for a panel of six mAbs and 320 mg/L (standard deviation: 140 mg/L) for five His-tagged recombinant proteins at 14 days post-transfection. Compared to our current low-density TGE process using CHO-3E7 cells and different culture medium, the new procedure gave on average 3-fold higher yields; purified mAbs produced using the two methods had distinct glycosylation profiles (by HILIC analysis) but showed identical target binding kinetics by SPR. Key advantages of the improved CHO-3E7-based protein production platform include the cost-effectiveness of the transfection reagent, the commercial availability of the culture media and the ability to perform high-cell-density transfection without media change