Influence of non-feedback variations of radiation on the determination of climate feedback

Recent studies have estimated the magnitude of climate feedback based on the correlation between time variations in outgoing radiation flux and sea surface temperature (SST). This study investigates the influence of the natural non-feedback variation (noise) of the flux occurring independently of SST on the determination of climate feedback. The observed global monthly radiation flux is used from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) for the period 2000–2008. In the observations, the time lag correlation of radiation and SST shows a distorted curve with low statistical significance for shortwave radiation while a significant maximum at zero lag for longwave radiation over the tropics. This observational feature is explained by simulations with an idealized energy balance model where we see that the non-feedback variation plays the most significant role in distorting the curve in the lagged correlation graph, thus obscuring the exact value of climate feedback. We also demonstrate that the climate feedback from the tropical longwave radiation in the CERES data is not significantly affected by the noise. We further estimate the standard deviation of radiative forcings (mainly from the noise) relative to that of the non-radiative forcings, i.e., the noise level from the observations and atmosphere–ocean coupled climate model simulations in the framework of the simple model. The estimated noise levels in both CERES (>13 %) and climate models (11–28 %) are found to be far above the critical level (~5 %) that begins to misrepresent climate feedback.Korea. Meteorological Administration. Research and Development Program (grant CATER 2012–3064)National Research Foundation of Korea (MSIP) (2009-83527

Influence of the recent winter Arctic sea ice loss in short-term simulations of a regional atmospheric model

Notable changes in the wintertime Arctic atmospheric circulation have occurred over the last few decades. Despite its importance in understanding the recent changes in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitude climate, it remains unclear whether and how these changes are affected by recent Arctic sea ice loss. In this study, a regional scale model is used to separate the direct sea ice influence from the natural variability of large-scale atmospheric circulation. Results show that, in response to sea ice loss, the increase of geopotential height in the mid-to-upper troposphere is robust across the simulations, but the magnitude of the response is highly dependent on the background state of the atmosphere. In most cases the sea ice loss-induced atmospheric warming is trapped near the surface due to the high vertical stability of winter Arctic lower troposphere, accordingly, resulting in a small response of geopotential height. However, when a low-pressure system is located over the Barents Sea, the relatively weak stability allows an upward transport of the surface warming, causing a significantly larger geopotential height increase. This strong state-dependence of atmospheric response which is also found in recent studies using global-scale model experiments, highlights the importance of accurately representing the atmospheric background state for numerical model assessments of sea ice influence.11Nsciescopu

Comparison of clinical manifestations in mpox patients living with HIV versus without HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Currently, many cases of mpox patients living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been reported. Immunocompromised mpox patients, including those living with HIV are noted for an increased risk for severe symptoms; however, existing studies did not focus on the statistical comparison of mpox outcomes associated with HIV. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate and compare the clinical manifestations of mpox in people living with HIV (PLWH) and people without HIV. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched up to March 7, 2023. A random effects model was used to calculate the pooled prevalence along with the 95% confidence intervals (CI), and the odds ratio and its corresponding 95% CIs were calculated to elucidate the significance of each clinical feature for mpox patients with and without HIV. In this study, we included 99 published papers with 2413 patients with mpox (median age, 35.5 years; PLWH n = 1151) from 27 countries across six continents. The odds ratio of the mpox outcomes with PLWH in comparison to patients without HIV was found to be significant for skin rash (1.24, 95% CI: 1.01–1.53), proctitis (2.03, 95% CI: 1.36–3.04), cough (0.57, 95% CI: 0.33–0.98), and diarrhea (3.85, 95% CI: 1.24–11.98). The odds ratio of mpox patients with HIV for historical infections of syphilis was 2.14 (95% CI: 1.38–3.32), compared with those without HIV. This is the first international and comprehensive study that performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to statistically measure mpox manifestations according to HIV status. As clinical features related to mucosal contact were characteristically pronounced in PLWH, our systematic review provides insight that the primary invasion site of infection strongly relates to the outcomes of mpox

Bright and Efficient Full-Color Colloidal Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes Using an Inverted Device Structure

We report highly bright and efficient inverted structure quantum dot (QD) based light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) by using solution-processed ZnO nanoparticles as the electron injection/transport layer and by optimizing energy levels with the organic hole transport layer. We have successfully demonstrated highly bright red, green, and blue QLEDs showing maximum luminances up to 23 040, 218 800, and 2250 cd/m², and external quantum efficiencies of 7.3, 5.8, and 1.7%, respectively. It is also noticeable that they showed turn-on voltages as low as the bandgap energy of each QD and long operational lifetime, mainly attributed to the direct exciton recombination within QDs through the inverted device structure. These results signify a remarkable progress in QLEDs and offer a practicable platform for the realization of QD-based full-color displays and lightings

Comparison of clinical manifestations in mpox patients living with HIV versus without HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Currently, many cases of mpox patients living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been reported. Immunocompromised mpox patients, including those living with HIV are noted for an increased risk for severe symptoms; however, existing studies did not focus on the statistical comparison of mpox outcomes associated with HIV. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate and compare the clinical manifestations of mpox in people living with HIV (PLWH) and people without HIV. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched up to March 7, 2023. A random effects model was used to calculate the pooled prevalence along with the 95% confidence intervals (CI), and the odds ratio and its corresponding 95% CIs were calculated to elucidate the significance of each clinical feature for mpox patients with and without HIV. In this study, we included 99 published papers with 2413 patients with mpox (median age, 35.5 years; PLWH n = 1151) from 27 countries across six continents. The odds ratio of the mpox outcomes with PLWH in comparison to patients without HIV was found to be significant for skin rash (1.24, 95% CI: 1.01–1.53), proctitis (2.03, 95% CI: 1.36–3.04), cough (0.57, 95% CI: 0.33–0.98), and diarrhea (3.85, 95% CI: 1.24–11.98). The odds ratio of mpox patients with HIV for historical infections of syphilis was 2.14 (95% CI: 1.38–3.32), compared with those without HIV. This is the first international and comprehensive study that performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to statistically measure mpox manifestations according to HIV status. As clinical features related to mucosal contact were characteristically pronounced in PLWH, our systematic review provides insight that the primary invasion site of infection strongly relates to the outcomes of mpox